Advanced Week 230
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“ScalersTalk 口译进阶小组”的前身是“ScalersTalk 交传小组”，成立于 2015 年 2 月，现阶段，小组继续专注高级阶段的交替传译与同声传译训练，在巩固语言基本功的同时训练各类口译技能，从而为承担正式场合的口译打下坚实基础。
第230周训练的主题为：英语二级口译实务教材第三单元：金融贸易。英译中练习的是时任世行行长，现任IMF总裁克里斯塔利娜•格奥尔基耶娃在中国发展高层论坛上的讲话。小组成员主要利用该材料练习了交替传译、同声传译和限时视译，并学习原文的词汇、表达和句型句式。设备建议：你需要电脑或手机播放音频、手机发送语音。
Within the banking system, the large, nationally-owned banks have seen their share in credit reduced from well over 60 percent to less than 40 percent, whereas smaller, locally-owned banks with less capacity and more influenced by local governments have gained market share. Further, China’s shadow banking has seen rapid development. Though not yet large by OECD standards, the rapid development, light regulation and interlinkages with the formal banking system add to these risks.
在银行系统内，大型国有银行的贷款份额也由远超60%下降到不足40%，而容量较小、受地方政府影响较大的小型地方银行则增加了市场份额。此外，中国的影子银行发展迅速。尽管按照经合组织的标准来衡量其规模并不算大，但影子银行快速发展加上监管力度小，以及与正规银行体系的相互关联则加大了风险。
well over：远超；远远高于
shadow banking：影子银行
inter-linkage：相互关联、联系
not large by OECD standards：按经合组织的标准来衡量规模并不算大
light regulation：监管力度小；宽松的监管制度；与“heavy regulation”相反
Add to risks：加大了风险
The second key challenge is how to reform China’s financial sector it in such a way that it supports China’s new development objectives. As the 19th Party Congress demonstrates, these objectives are ambitious: for the next phase of its development: China is seeking quality growth, productivity- and innovation-driven growth, inclusive growth, and greener growth. To achieve productivity-based growth, credit must flow to the most productive companies. Our forthcoming report with the Development Research Center on New Drivers of Growth shows that since the global financial crisis, the relationship between credit and productivity has weakened, and turning this around is key for China's future growth. China has understood that to get to productivity-driven growth, the market should play a decisive role in resource allocation. Nowhere is this more important than in the financial sector —so commercial financial institutions would need to be able to make decisions on commercial terms.
第二大挑战是如何改革中国的金融业使其能够支持中国新的发展目标。正如党的十九大所表明，这些目标雄心勃勃：对于下一阶段的发展，中国寻求的是高质量增长、生产力和创新驱动型增长、包容性增长，以及更加绿色的增长。要实现基于生产力的增长，信贷必须流向最高产的公司。我们即将与发展研究中心一同推出的《新的增长驱动力》报告显示，自全球金融危机以来，信贷与生产力之间的关系逐渐减弱，而扭转这一局面是中国未来经济增长的关键。中国明白，要想实现生产力驱动型增长，市场应当在资源配置中发挥决定性作用。在金融领域，这一点尤为重要，因为商业金融机构需要根据商业条件做出决策。
quality growth：高质量增长
innovation-driven growth：创新驱动型增长
turn something around：扭转
on commercial terms：根据商业条件；从商业的角度
Nowhere is this more important than in the financial sector：在金融领域，这一点尤为重要。注意倒装句的翻译，句中的“this”为主语。
China has made great progress in financial inclusion, with access to financial services among the highest in the developing world. And where gaps still remain, for example with access to finance for SMEs, we have been working closely with China. The rapid development of Fintech, in which China is a global leader, has added to more inclusive finance. Take the example of Alibaba, which is doing incredible things with digital finance. They have a system, they call 3/1/0. They can look at someone’s online activities and determine their creditworthiness in 3 seconds, and lend an amount up to 1 million Renminbi. It takes 1 second to transfer the money with zero human hands touching the process. What if we can make this accessible to the world’s poorest people? This could be truly transformative! We are working with the People’s Bank to learn from China’s experience in financial inclusion, and share this with other developing economies
中国在普惠金融方面取得了长足进步，人们获得金融服务的机会在发展中国家中名列前茅。在仍有差距的领域，比如中小企业融资，我们一直与中国企业密切合作。金融科技迅速发展，中国处于全球领先地位，推进了普惠金融的发展。例如，阿里巴巴利用数字金融取得了很大的成果。该企业有个系统叫“3-1-0”，能够根据某人的在线活动在3秒钟之内得出其信用度，并提供高达100万人民币的贷款，1秒钟就可以完成转账，整个过程需要的人手为“0”。假如我们能够让全世界最贫困的人口使用这项技术会如何？这才是真正有意义的变革。我们正在与人民银行合作，学习中国在普惠性金融方面的经验，与其他发展中国家分享。
financial inclusion：普惠金融
creditworthiness：信用度、信誉
make sth. accessible to：让……使用
transformative: meaning a great improvement or positive change变革性的
The rapid development of Fintech, in which China is a global leader, has added to more inclusive finance. 金融科技迅速发展，中国处于全球领先地位，推进了普惠金融的发展。这是个复合句，主语为“the rapid development of”翻译为中文时可将整个句子切割为三个短句，译为主谓结构。
影子银行（shadowing bank）
指一些提供和传统商业银行类似的金融服务的非银行中介机构。投资银行和商业银行的业务要受到中央银行等机构的监管。但他们如果把一些业务以影子银行的方式操作，做成表外业务，这些资产在银行的损益表上是看不到的，就可以逃脱监管，迷惑迟钝的投资人。2007-2012年的全球金融危机前，投资银行用表外业务的方式将次级贷款证券化，并用信贷违约掉期来对冲风险。但最终风险积累爆发，投行损失惨重，雷曼兄弟破产，造成了全球金融危机。
普惠金融（financial inclusion）
是指立足机会平等要求和商业可持续原则，以可负担的成本为有金融服务需求的社会各阶层和群体提供适当、有效的金融服务。小微企业、农民、城镇低收入人群、贫困人群和残疾人、老年人等特殊群体是当前我国普惠金融重点服务对象。Financial inclusion is defined as the availability and equality of opportunities to access financial services. It refers to a process by which individuals and businesses can access appropriate, affordable, and timely financial products and services. These include banking, loan, equity, and insurance products.
债务占GDP的比例（Debt-to-GDP ratio）
是一个国家的政府债务（以每年的流通量为单位）与其国内生产总值（GDP）之间的比率。较低的债务占GDP的比例表明，经济体可以透过生产和销售商品和服务来偿还债务，比较不容易再产生债务。地区政治以及经济的考虑（例如利率、战争、经济衰退等因素）会影响一个国家是否要再对外借款，产生更多债务。
