Advanced Week 184
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“ScalersTalk 口译进阶小组”的前身是“ScalersTalk 交传小组”,成立于 2015 年 2 月,现阶段,小组继续专注高级阶段的交替传译与同声传译训练,在巩固语言基本功的同时训练各类口译技能,从而为承担正式场合的口译打下坚实基础。
第 184 周训练继续关注2030年可持续发展议程,材料选用了一篇关于可持续发展目标在中国系列演讲之目标10减少不平等的演讲。小组成员利用该材料练习了交替传译,并学习原文的词汇、表达和句型句式。设备建议:你需要电脑或手机播放音频、手机发送语音。
中国作为一个发展中的大国,在过去几十年当中,在居民收入增长方面取得了非常令人瞩目的成就。年均增长率达到了8%,而且使得8亿人口摆脱了贫困。但是,在经济增长的过程当中,中国一度出现了收入差距不断扩大的趋势。对于这样一个状况,应该说是发展当中所面临的一个巨大挑战。
China, as a leading developing country, have made great achievements in income growth in the past few decades. The average annual growth rate reached 8% and 800 million people were lifted out of poverty. But in the process of economic growth, the trend of widening income gap is also happening, which is huge challenge in the economic development.
但是,在经济增长的过程当中,中国一度出现了收入差距不断扩大的趋势。对于这样一个状况,应该说是发展当中所面临的一个巨大挑战。
参考译文:But in the process of economic growth, the trend of widening income gap is also happening, which is huge challenge in the economic development.
收入差距不断扩大:widening income gap,v.+ing表示不断增长的过程,当中文的宾语为“主谓短语”(S+V)时,翻译为“形容词+名词”(adj+n)的结构,避免出现多个谓语的情况。
Eg. 收入不断增长:rising income
“对于这样一个状况”,这里指的是前面说的一整句话,直接用“which”引导的定语从句,更加简洁。
为了实现联合国《可持续发展目标》,中国需要在缩小收入差距,实现公民、社会权利的平等,实现机会的均等方面应该做出更多的努力。这就需要不断地要消除不平等的一些制度、法律和政策。
To achieve UN’s Sustainable Development Goals, China needs to put more efforts in narrowing the income gap, ensuring equality of civil and social rights and providing equal opportunities for all, which need to eliminate systems, laws and policies that may lead to inequality.
缩小收入差距:narrow the income gap;
Verb + gap的搭配:bridge / fill / close / make up / reduce / span the gap
第二,要建立合理的收入分配秩序。一些国家的经验表明,工资的增长机制在于建立工资的集体谈判机制。在这方面,中国还没有建立起有效的工资集体谈判机制。主要的原因是在于,在集体谈判过程中,工人代表不能够起到代表工人利益的作用。这主要和我们的工会制度有关系。所以要对工会制度进行改革,让工会具有独立性,真正能够代表工人的切身利益。
Secondly, a reasonable order of income distribution should be established. The experience of some countries indicates that the wage growth system is to establish a collective negotiation mechanism for wages, which China hasn’t effectively established yet. The main reason is that during the process of collective negotiation, the workers’ representatives do not really fully represent the interest of the workers. This is mainly related to China’s trade union system. So it is needed to reform the trade union system, so that the union is independent, and can truly represent the vital interests of the workers.
工资的集体谈判机制:collective bargaining 参考译文为“collective negotiation”,但更为常用的是“collective bargaining”,collective bargaining 定义为negotiation between an employer and a labor union usually on wages, hours, and working conditions,本身已包含工资谈判的含义,所以无需再另外翻译。
一些国家的经验表明,工资的增长机制在于建立工资的集体谈判机制。在这方面,中国还没有建立起有效的工资集体谈判机制。 参考译文:The experience of some countries indicates that the wage growth system is to establish a collective negotiation mechanism for wages, which China hasn’t effectively established yet. 对于在连续的句子中出现的重复性词语,灵活的用代词、定语从句等取代,避免冗余,在以下这句中,采用了which 来替代重复的词语,十分简洁。在实际口译时,可再切分成更短小句。
工人代表不能够起到代表工人利益的作用。The workers’ representatives do not really fully represent the interest of the workers. 对于比较抽象的一些词,在口译中可以直接省去。在本句中,直接省去了“起到……的作用”,听起来更加简洁流畅。
第三,就是要消除一切不合理的、妨碍公平的政策、法规。在这方面,尤其要改革我们的户籍制度和养老制度。中国的户籍制度在一定程度上导致了城乡收入差距的扩大,而且也是城乡一体化进程当中的主要阻碍。所以改革户籍制度尤为重要。我们的养老制度是多种多样的。它受到的诟病之一就是说,它不能有效地缩小收入差距,反而是在扩大收入差距。
Thirdly, all those policies and regulations hindering the implementing of equality and just should be eliminated, especially when it comes to Hukou system and pension policy. China’s Hukou system is responsible to the widening income gap between urban and rural regions to a large extent, and also the main obstacle in the process of integration in urban and rural areas. As a result, it is extremely important to reform the Hukou system. China’s pension system varies a lot. One of its criticisms is that instead of narrowing the income gap, it is actually expands the gap.
它不能有效地缩小收入差距,反而是在扩大收入差距。Instead of narrowing the income gap, it is actually expands the gap.
扩大收入差距:expand the gap,也可用widen the gap。
不是(不能)……反而……的句式,翻译为 instead of…, it
在收入再分配方面,一方面要利用税收手段来调节收入分配、收入差距。另外,要通过转移支付来提高贫困人口和低收入人群的收入水平。我们现有的税收制度存在着很大的不合理。一方面,在税收结构方面,直接税比重过低,而间接税比重过高。我们知道,直接税有利于缩小收入差距,而间接税却是在扩大收入差距。所以从这方面来说,我们需要增加直接税的比重,而降低间接税的比重。除此之外,我们的个人所得税也需要改革。个人所得税主要是工薪税。很多的其他收入都没有被这个个人所得税所调节。所以个人所得税在调节税收收入方面,所起到的作用也是非常有限的。所以,从这方面来看,进行税收结构的调整以及公共支出的改革,也是调节收入分配,缩小收入差距,实现公平、正义的一个非常重要的手段。
In the aspect of income re-distribution, on one hand the distribution and the gap of distribution shall be adjusted by taxation. While on the other hand, the income level of poor population and low-income group shall be raised by means of payment transfer. China’s current taxing mechanism is not reasonable. For one thing, in terms of taxing structure, the ratio of direct taxing is too low, and the ratio of indirect taxing is too high. As we know, direct taxing is helpful in narrowing the income gap and the indirect taxing widening it. From this perspective, the ratio of direct income taxing needs to be increased; whereas, that of indirect taxing should be decreased. Furthermore, our individual income tax should be reformed, which is mainly targeting one’s salary. Lots of other income categories have not be included in by the current individual income taxing. In that sense, individual income taxes play a limited role in adjusting income distribution; hence adjusting the taxing structure and reforming public expenditure are also key approaches to adjust income distribution, narrow the income gap and achieve income equality and just.
除此之外,我们的个人所得税也需要改革。个人所得税主要是工薪税。很多的其他收入都没有被这个个人所得税所调节。 Furthermore, our individual income tax should be reformed, which is mainly targeting one’s salary. Lots of other income categories have not be included in by the current individual income taxing. 这里主要理解原文背后的意思,即中国的个人所得税主要针对工薪扣税,许多收入未被纳入到其中,多数收入集中到中等到低收入家庭,从而造成了分配的不平等。因此,原文中的“调节”更多的是指“未被纳入”,而“工薪税”指“针对工资,而非其他收入来源收税”,不宜直接译为“adjust”和“payroll tax”。
背景知识
转移支付(payment transfer) 转移支付是指政府或企业的一种不以购买本年的商品和劳务而作的支付,即政府或企业无偿地支付给个人或下级政府,以增加其收入和购买力的费用。它是一种收入再分配的形式。 转移支付是包括养老金、失业救济金、退伍军人补助金、农产品价格补贴、公债利息等政府与企业支出的一笔款项。这笔款项在西方国家是不计算在国民生产总值中的,其原因在于这笔款项的支付不是为了购买商品和劳务,所以将其称作转移支付,有时也称转让性支付。 直接税(direct taxes)与间接税(indirect taxes) 直接税是指直接向个人或企业开征的税,包括对所得、劳动报酬和利润的征税。直接税与间接税相对应:间接税是对商品和服务征收的,从而只是间接地以公众为征税对象。 直接税以归属于私人(为私人占有或所有)的所得和财产为课征对象,较之对流通中的商品或劳务的课税而言,优点在于: 1.直接税的纳税人较难转嫁其税负。 2.直接税税率可以采用累进结构,根据私人所得和财产的多少决定其负担水平;同时,累进税率的采用,使税收收入较有弹性,在一定程度上可自动平抑国民经济的剧烈波动。 3.直接税中的所得税,其征税标准的计算,可以根据纳税人本人及家庭等的生活状况设置各种扣除制度以及负所得税制度等,使私人的基本生存权利得到保障。 因此,直接税较符合现代税法税负公平和量能纳税的原则,对于社会财富的再分配和社会保障的满足具有特殊的调节职能作用。 所以,上文提到提高直接税比例,有助于缩小贫困差距。