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ScalersTalk笔译专练小组第31周训练日志
笔译群是Scalerstalk旗下专攻笔译的训练组织，初步设定翻译量目标为十万字。群内活动主要包括周一到周五的每日一句和周末的周任务。如果你想提高笔译水平，找到志同道合的小伙伴，请猛戳链接： 完成任务后请在A群、B群或C群找到Kevin（QQ：9797#####）或瑶瑶（3674#####）以word文档的形式发送到Kevin或瑶瑶的QQ邮箱，通过审核小组审核后便可进群。以上三个群都不在的小伙伴，可先申请加入C群（群号：456036104，验证消息：ScalersTalk）。笔译训练小组目前50人，每两周清退一次不积极参加训练的组员，每进一位，便移除排在末尾的一位。
下面是笔译训练群的第三十一周（2015.11.23—11.29）训练日志，共包括五个每日一句（英译汉，汉译英）和一个周训练（英译汉，汉译英），均包括原文，参考译文，词汇整理以及相关点评。材料主要来源于外刊，政府工作报告以及笔译教材。
Tombs and temples of ancient Egypt follow the Nile well into Sudan. Driving southward from Cairo into the valley, entered a landscape that owned little to the present era. For the next 1800 miles the thin blue ribbon of the Nile, following slowly north, unwound over brown soil and green fields, some only a few yards wide, others as broad as an Iowa cornfield. At the edge of the fields, rising in dramatic hills or stretching flat to the horizon, lay the brown barren deserts.
尼罗河沿岸直到苏丹境内很远的地方，到处可以见到古埃及的坟墓和寺庙。我从开罗驱车南行，进入尼罗河河谷，这里的景色还没有受到多少现代的影响。从这里再往前一千八百英里，尼罗河像一条细细的蓝色丝带，缓缓流向北方，沿途穿过棕色的土地和绿色的田野，这田地窄的不过几码，宽的则赶得上美国依阿华州的玉米地。田地外边是寸草不生的棕色沙漠，有的地方突然隆起像是小山，有的地方则平平地伸向地平线。
tomb/ tuːm / 坟墓（注意读音）；
that owned little to the present era 还没有受到多少现代的影响；
unwind（unwound-unwound）伸展；
cornfield 玉米地；
Tombs and temples of ancient Egypt follow the Nile well into Sudan. 这里的follow很不好译。他在原文里是一个形象的说法。译文无法保留原文的形象，所以译作“到处可以看到……”；
Driving southward from Cairo into the valley 此处不宜译作“驱车南下”，在中国，说“南下”、“北上”是很顺的。但尼罗河自南往北流，而作者是逆流而上。因此译作“驱车南行”，以避免方向上的冲突、
天坛是明清两代皇帝祭天祈谷的地方，建于1420年，占地面积273公顷。主要建筑有祈年殿，圜丘，皇穹宇。
祈年殿建于1420年，1545年改建为一座鎏金宝顶的三重檐圆殿，1890年重修，1971年又进行了整修。 （备注：鎏金宝顶的三重檐圆殿 a cone-shaped structure with triple eaves and a gilded ball on the top）
The Temple of Heaven, built in 1420 and covering an area of 237 hectares, was the place where the emperors of the Ming and Qing Dynasties worshiped heaven and prayed for good harvest. It mainly consists of the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvest, the Circular Mound Altar and the Imperial Vault of Heaven.
The Hall of Prayer for Good Harvest, originally built in 1420, was turned into a cone-shaped structure with triple eaves and a gilded ball on the top in 1545. Burnt down in a thunderstorm, it was rebuilt in 1890, and repaired in 1971.
天坛 The Temple of Heaven；
祭天祈谷 worshiped heaven and prayed for good harvest；
占地面积…… cover an area of；
祈年殿 the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvest；
圜丘 the Circular Mound Altar；
皇穹宇 the Imperial Vault of Heaven；
一座鎏金宝顶的三重檐圆殿 a cone-shaped structure with triple eaves and a gilded ball on the top；
重修 rebuild；
整修 repair；
built in 1420 and covering an area of 237 hectares 原文这一部分放在句尾，和千米那是并列谓语。译文把这一部分译作分词短语，放在主语和谓语之间，这样可以使句子分出层次，突出天坛的作用；
第二段中 Burnt down in a thunderstorm是译者根据资料加的。如果不加，直接说It was rebuilt...显得很突然。
I had the illusion that I was driving through one immensely long, narrow farm. The villages and towns were usually perched on the edge, so as not to waste arable soil and because there was a need, before the High Dam tamed the Nile, to live beyond the reach of the annual floods. The road followed the course of the Nile, now passing through the fields, now drawing a black line separating them from the desert.
我感到仿佛是在开车穿过一个狭窄而极长的农场。大小村镇一般都处于田地的边上，这是为了不浪费耕地，同时也是因为在高坝控制尼罗河以前，有必要住得远一点，以躲避每年发生的洪水。公路是顺着尼罗河修筑的，有时穿过庄稼地，有时像是划的一条黑线，这边是庄稼，那边是沙漠。
I had the illusion that... 我感到仿佛……；
one immensely long, narrow farm 一个狭窄而极长的农场；
perch on 坐落在……；
arable soil 耕地；
illusion的本意是“错觉”，或是“幻觉”。但这两个词用在这里都不合适，所以译作“我感到仿佛是……”；
now drawing a black line separating them from the desert 与其译作“把庄稼和沙漠分开”，不如译作“这边是庄稼，那边是沙漠”。
祈年殿是皇帝祈谷的地方，殿高38米（包括6米高石座），直径30米，砖木结构，中间没有横梁。
皇穹宇建于1530年，著名的“回音壁”（the Echo Wall）、“三音石”（the Triple Sound Stone）就在这里。
圜丘建于1530年，是皇帝冬至“祭天”和夏季“祈雨”的地方。圜丘是镶有汉白玉（white marble）石栏杆的三层石台，站在台面中心说话，声音显得格外洪亮。
Used as a place for the emperors to pray for good harvest, the hall, 38meters high(including 6 meters of stone terrace ) and 30 meters in diameters, is built of wood and brick, with no beam in the center.
Built in 1530, the Imperial Vault of Heaven contains the famous Echo Wall and the Triple Sound Stones.
The Circular Mound Altar, also built in 1530, was a place for the emperors to worship heaven on the winter solstice and to pray for rain in summer. It is a 3-layer stone terrace decorated with white marble railings. Speaking in the middle of the altar, one's voice will sound particularly loud and clear.
祈谷 pray for good harvest；
石座 stone terrace；
直径 diameter；
没有横梁 with no beam in the center；
回音壁 the Echo Wall；
三音石 the Triple Sound Stone；
冬至 the winter solstice；
汉白玉 white marble；
石栏杆 railing；
声音显得格外洪亮 one's voice will sound particularly loud and clear；
“砖木结构”译文里的“brick”作为建筑材料，可算是物质名词，不用复数；
Dalkey has also begun or is about to begin similar series in Hebrew and Catalan, and with Switzerland and Mexico, the last of which will consist of four books yearly for six years. In each case a financing agency in the host country is subsidizing publication and participating in promotion and marketing in the United States, an effort that can easily require $10,000 or more a book.
多基出版社的希伯来语和加泰罗尼亚语文学作品翻译出版项目以及与瑞士和墨西哥等国合作的文学作品翻译出版项目有的已经开始实施，有的即将启动。其中，墨西哥的文学作品翻译出版项目为期6年，每年将翻译4 部作品。上述各翻译出版项目发起国都有专门的融资机构对翻译出版工作提供补贴支持，并参与在美国的营销宣传活动。每本书的营销宣传费用至少为1万美元。
Hebrew 希伯来语，Catalan 加泰罗尼亚语；
yearly（adv.）每年；
a financing agency 融资机构；
Hebrew，Catalan这些比较常见的专有名词也要记忆，至少做到认识，在翻译时可以为我们节省很多翻字典的时间。
饥饿始终是半殖民、半封建的旧中国的一大难题。旧中国的农业发展水平极为低下，有80%的人口长期处于饥饿半饥饿状态，遇有自然灾害，更是饿殍遍地。1949年新中国成立时，全国每公顷粮食产量只有1035公斤，人均粮食占有量仅为210公斤。
The semi-colonial and semi-feudal old China was perennially haunted by the specter of starvation. For long periods of time in the old days 80 percent of the population suffered from starvation or semi-starvation because of the extreme backwardness of agricultural production. Natural disasters nearly always resulted in widespread deaths from starvation. In 1949 when the People's Republic of China was founded, the national grain yield per hectare was only 1035 kg, and the per capita share of grain was only 210 kg a year.
饥饿 the specter（幽灵） of starvation；
半殖民地 semi-colonial；
半封建 semi-feudal；
某事是某人的一大难题 sb. is perennially haunted by sth；
农业发展水平极为低下 the extreme backwardness of agricultural production；
饿殍遍地 widespread deaths from starvation；
新中国（中华人民共和国）the People's Republic of China；
（国家）成立 found；
全国每公顷粮食产量 national grain yield per hectare；
人均粮食占有量 the per capita share of grain；
原文第一句话的译文The semi-colonial and semi-feudal old China was perennially haunted by the specter of starvation. 用了一个不同的结构。以old China 为主语。后接被动语态was haunted by...，表示“为……所困扰”。此处用实义动词比用连系动词更为生动有力。
“We need to merge those two communities,” said Steve Murawski, chief fisheries scientist for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. “This paper starts to bridge that gap.”
The collaboration began in 2006 when Boris Worm, a marine ecologist at Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia, and other scientists made an alarming prediction: if current trends continue, by 2048 overfishing will have destroyed most commercially important populations of saltwater fish. Ecologists applauded the work.
斯蒂夫・穆拉维斯基（Steve Murawski）是美国国家海洋和大气管理局的首席渔业科学家，他说，“我们需要整合这两大阵营，这项联合研究是一个良好开端。”
这项联合研究始于2006 年，当时来自达尔豪斯大学（位于加拿大新斯科舍省哈利法克斯）的海洋生态学家鲍里斯•沃姆（Boris Worm）以及其他一些科学家警告称，如果任由过度捕捞而不加制止的话，到2048 年，一些具有重要商业价值的咸水鱼类将会消失殆尽。许多生态学家对这一警告击掌叫好。
merge 整合；
overfishing 过度捕捞；
commercially important populations of saltwater fish 具有重要商业价值的咸水鱼类；
This paper starts to bridge that gap. 参考译文处理成“这项联合研究是一个良好开端。”我认为应该是漏译，“bridge that gap”完全没体现出来，建议处理为“这项联合研究是消除嫌隙的良好开端。”
其实，一些烟民只知道吸烟对人体的呼吸系统有影响，不知道烟雾中含有 4000 多种化学物质；只知道吸烟可能致癌，不知道烟雾中至少有 40 多种致癌物质；只知道吸烟有害，不知道烟雾还有毒，烟雾中含有许多有毒有害致病物质，如烟碱、二氧化氮、氢氰酸、丙烯醛、砷、铅、汞等。
As a matter of fact, some tobacco users are informed only about how tobacco use can affect people's respiratory system, but not about the fact that over 4000 kinds of chemicals can be found in tobacco smoke. They are warned of the epidemic being carcinogenic/cancer-causing, but not of the fact that at least 40 kinds of cancer-causing substances are lurking in the smoke. They know tobacco use is harmful, but they don't know that tobacco smoke is highly toxic with many pathogenic substances in it, including nicotine, nitrogen dioxide, hydrocyanic acid, acraldehyde, arsenic, lead and mercury.
事实 as a matter of fact；
呼吸系统 respiratory system；
致癌的 carcinogenic/cancer-causing；
致癌物质 cancer-causing substances；
暗藏，潜藏 lurk；
致病物质 pathogenic substances；
烟碱（尼古丁）nicotine；
二氧化氮 nitrogen dioxide；
砷 arsenic；
铅 lead；
汞 mercury；
原文中出现多个“知道”，而参考译文为避免重复，分别使用了inform，be warned，know。
Despite its varied uses and renovations over the years, the 4,250-square-foot, or 395-square-meter, inn has retained so much of its original character that the organization English Heritage lists it as a Grade II property, indicating that it is particularly important and of more than special interest." Only 27 percent of the 1,600 buildings on the organization's register have this designation.
尽管这些年来这座房产用途几经变化，历经多次修葺，但是这个面积达 4250 平方英尺（约 395 平方米）的小旅馆仍然大致保留了其原始风貌，英国遗产组织将其列为国家二级文物保护单位，表明该处遗产具有特殊意义，“并非仅仅是特色故居”。英国遗产组织在册的 1600 多栋建筑里只有 27%的建筑享此殊荣。
renovation 修葺；
inn 小旅馆；
a Grade II property 国家二级文物保护单位；
original character 原始风貌；
designation：a name, title or description 名称；称号；称呼: Her official designation is Financial Controller. 她的正式职务是财务总监。
英译汉难度不大，我觉得这句话倒过来用作汉译英挺不错没有多知识点可以学。
有学者说贺兰口是史前人类凭借自然魅力打造的祭祀圣地，又有专家认为，贺兰口岩画是象形文字前的图画文字，在文字没有发明前，这里的人们艰难地把他们的理想、愿望、欢乐、悲伤，通过岩画的形式表现出来。于是，在亘古不变的贺兰山上，写就了一部史前人类的“天书”。
Some scholars argue that Helankou represents a pre-historic, naturally crafted shrine, while some others contend that Helankou rock paintings stand for pictograph which preceded hieroglyph. With the absence of written language back then, they say, local people resorted to these pictographic signs as a way of expressing their ideals, wishes, happiness and sadness.Thankfully, their painstaking efforts have resulted in an impressive pre-historic “book from heaven” carved on the eternally immutable Helan Mountain.
史前的 pre-historic；
圣地 shrine；
认为 contend；
图画文字 pictograph；
象形文字 hieroglyph
在……之前，先于 precede；
亘古不变的 eternally immutable；
天书 book from heaven；
painstaking: needing a lot of care, effort and attention to detail
pictogram: A pictogram is a simple drawing that represents something. * Pictograms were used as the earliest form of writing；hieroglyph: a picture or symbol of an object, representing a word, syllable or sound, especially as used in ancient Egyptian and other writing systems ；这是柯林斯上对这两个的解释，两个含义差不多。
I think that a successful old age is easier for those who have strong impersonal interests involving appropriate activities. It is in this sphere that long experience is really fruitful, and it is in this sphere that the wisdom born of experience can be exercised without being oppressive. It is no use telling grown-up children not to make mistakes, both because they will not believe you, and because mistakes are an essential part of education. But if you are one of those who are incapable of impersonal interests, you may find that your life will be empty unless you concern yourself with your children and grandchildren. In that case you must realize that while you can still render them material services, such as making them an allowance or knotting them jumpers, you must not expect that they will enjoy your company.
我认为，如果老年人对于个人以外的事情怀有强烈的兴趣，并参加适当的活动，他们的晚年时最容易过得好的。在这一方面，他们由于阅历深，是能够真正做得卓有成效的，也正是这一方面，他们从经验中得出的智慧既可以发挥作用，又不致使人感到强加于人。告诫成年子女别犯错误是没有用处的，一来他们不听你的，二来错误本身就是受教育的一个重要方面。但是，如果你这个人对个人以外的事情没有兴趣，就会感到生活空虚，要不你就老是惦记着儿孙。在这种情况下，你可要明白，虽然你还可以在物质方面给他们以帮助，比如给他们零用钱，或者为他们织毛衣，但你绝不要指望他们会喜欢跟你作伴。
sphere 方面；
oppressive 令人苦恼的，令人焦虑的；
grown-up children 成年子女；
render sb. material service 在物质方面给某人以帮助；
allowance 零用钱；
knot sb. jumpers 为某人织毛衣；
Some old people are oppressed by the fear of death. In the young there is a justification for this feeling. Young men who have reason to fear that they will be killed in a battle may justifiably feel bitter in the thought that they have been cheated of the best things that life has to offer. But in an old man who has known human joys and sorrows, and has achieved whatever work it was in him to do, the fear of death is somewhat abject and ignoble. The best way to overcome it----so at least it seems to me----is to make your interests gradually wider and more impersonal, until bit by bit the walls of the ego recede, and your life becomes increasingly merged in the universal life. An individual human existence should be like a river----small at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past rocks and over waterfalls. Gradually the river grows wider, the banks recede, the waters flow more quietly, and in the end, without any visible break, they become merged in the sea, and painlessly lose their individual being. The man who, in old age, can see his life in this way, will not suffer from the fear of death, since the things he cares for will continue. And if, with the decay of vitality, weariness increases, the thought of rest will not be unwelcome. I should wish to die while still at work, knowing that others will carry on what I can no longer do, and content in the thought that what was possible has been done.
有些老人因害怕死亡而惶惶不安。年轻人有这种情绪是情有可原的。如果年轻人由于某种原因认为自己有可能在战斗中死去，想到生活所能提供的最美好的东西自己都无法享受，觉得受了骗，因而感到痛苦，这是无可指责的。但是对于老年人来说，他经历了人生的酸甜苦辣，自己能做到的事情都做到了，怕死就未免有些可鄙，有些不光彩了。要克服这种怕死的念头，最好的办法——至少在我看来——就是要逐渐使自己关心更多的事情，关心那些不跟自己直接有关的事情，到后来，个人主义的壁垒就会慢慢消失，个人生活也就越来越和社会生活融合在一起了。人生应当像条河，开头河身狭窄，夹在两岸之间，河水奔腾咆哮，流过巨石，飞下悬崖。后来河面逐渐展宽，两岸离得越来越远，河水也流得较为平缓，最后流进大海，与海水浑然一体，看不出任何界限。从而结束其单独存在的那一段历程，但毫无痛苦之感。如果一个人到了老年能够这样看待自己的一生，他就不会怕死了，因为他所关心的一切将会继续下去。如果随着精力的衰退，日渐倦怠，就会觉得长眠未尝不是一件好事。我就希望工作时死去，知道自己不能再做的事有人会继续做下去，并且怀着满意的心情想到，自己能做的事都已做到了。
be oppressed by 因某事惶惶不安；
human joys and sorrows 人生的酸甜苦辣；
abject 下贱的，卑躬屈节的；
ignoble 可鄙的；
the wall of ego 个人主义的壁垒；
an individual human existence 人生；
boulder 巨石；
decay of vitality 精力的衰退；
weariness 倦怠；
wider and more impersonal 两个形容词用and 相连，分开处理，所以译作“关心更多的事情，关心那些不跟自己直接有关的事情。”
the banks recede 是描写乘船航行所见景色常用的说法，recede的本意是“向后退去”，河岸并不能退，因此这种感觉完全是航行时视觉造成的。此处译作“两岸离得越来越远”，也保留了原文的形象。
最后一段the thought of rest will not be unwelcome 中的“rest”是“死”的委婉说法，所以译作“长眠”。
中华人民共和国建立后，政府废除了封建土地所有制，带领人民自力更生，奋发图强，大力发展粮食生产，用占世界7%左右的耕地，养活了占世界22%的人口。1995年与1949年相比，粮食总产量增长了3倍多，年均递增3.1%。目前，中国粮食总产量位居世界第一，人均380公斤左右（含豆类、薯类），达到世界平均水平。人均肉类产量41公斤、水产品21公斤、禽蛋14公斤、水果35公斤、蔬菜198公斤，均超过世界平均水平。均联合国粮农组织统计，在八十年代世界增产的谷物中，中国占31%的份额。中国发展粮食生产所取得的巨大成就，不仅使人民的温饱问题基本解决，生活水平逐步提高，而且为在全球范围内消除饥饿与贫困做出重大贡献。
After the founding of the People’s Republic, the feudal ownership of land was abolished. Under the leadership of their government, the Chinese people devoted themselves to developing grain production through self-reliance and hard work. As a result, China is now able to feed 22 percent of the world’s population on about 7 percent of the world’s cultivated land. Total grain output in 1995 more than quadrupled the 1949 figure, or an average increase of 3.1 percent a year. At present, China ranks first in total grain output in the world, with the per capita share of grain reaching approximately 380kg (including legume and tuber crops), which is the global average. The per capita production of meat, aquatic products, eggs, fruit and vegetables has reached 41kg, 21kg, 14kg, 35kg and respectively, which are all higher than the world average. Statistics from the UN Food and Agriculture Organization show that China contribute 31 percent of the world’s increased grain output in 1980s. China’s significant achievements in developing grain production have not only basically eradicated the problem of people not having enough to eat and wear and gradually raised the living standards of the Chinese people, but also made great contributions to the worldwide efforts to eliminate starvation and poverty.
中华人民共和国 People's Republic of China；
建立 found；
废除 abolish；
封建土地所有制 the feudal ownership of land；
自力更生 self-reliance；
养活 feed；
可耕地 cultivated land；
位居第一 ranks first；
人均粮食占有量 per capita share of grain；
水产品 aquatic product；
增产的谷物 increased grain output；
温饱问题 problem of adequate food and clothing；
消除饥饿和贫困 eliminate starvation and poverty；
原文“增长了三倍多”也就相当于原来的四倍多。译文more than quadrupled 正是此意；