Week 34
DAY166
Lesson38-1:The first calendar
Future historians will be in a unique position when they come to record the history of our own times. They will hardly know which facts to select from the great mass of evidence that steadily accumulates. What is more they will not have to rely solely on the written word. Films, gramophone records, and magnetic tapes will provide them with a bewildering amount of information.
知识点：
单词：
calendar n.日历; 历法; 日程表; （一年之中的）重大事件（或重要日期）一览表;vt. 把…记入日程表中; 把…列入表中; 为（文件等）作分类索引; 将…排入日程表;
eg. The presidential elections are the highlight of next year's political calendar. 总统选举是明年政治日程表上的大事
calender n. 砑光机; （伊斯兰教）托钵游方僧;
historian n. 历史学家
unique adj. 独一无二，无以伦比的 only/special
eg. You’re unique,you are the only you in the universe.你是独一无二的，你是宇宙唯一的你。
solely adv.(书面语）only
eg. Remember,happiness doesn’t depend upon who you are or what you have, it depends solely upon what you think.
请记住，幸福不在于你是谁或者你拥有什么，而仅仅取决于你的心态。
bewilder v.(同时有许多不同事物而感到) 迷惑
(to confuse esp.by the presence of lots of different things at the same time)
eg. So many questions bewilder me.这么多的问题使我困惑。
written adj.书面的，文字的。
词组：
be in a unique position （处于一个前所未有的境地）别具一格
steadily accumulates 平稳增长，不断积累，逐渐积累
句式：
what is more 作插入语，表示程度上递进（固定短语，无时态变化即不会有what was more的形式）用新的附加信息对前文所述做进一步强调。
长难句、语法：
They will hardly know which facts to select from the great mass of evidence that steadily accumulates.
对于逐渐积累起来的庞大材料，他们几乎不知道选取哪些好。
which 做know的宾语
本文中的fact 和evidence 都指历史资料
that是evidence的定语从句，什么样的历史资料？“逐渐积累的”
这段要从后面往前译。
DAY167
Lesson38-2:The first calendar
They will be able, as it were, to see and hear us in action. But the historian attempting to reconstruct the distant past is always faced with a difficult task. He has to deduce what he can from the few scanty clues available. Even seemingly insignificant remains can shed interesting light on the history of early man.
知识点：
单词：
deduce v.（从得知的信息中）推知
(to make a judgment about sth based on the information that you have)
Eg.deduce a conclusion from premises 从前题推出结论
shed (shed, shed) 使流出，泻
Eg.As rural factories shed labour,people drift towards the cities.
由于农村的工厂纷纷裁员，人们逐渐流向城市。
词组：
deduce from the scanty clues
从充分的线索中进行推断
shed light on 照亮，提供线索，透露情况，本文“有趣的内容”
(to make something easier to understand, by providing new or better information)
Eg.His explanation shed broad light on the subject.
他的解释很好地阐明了这个主题。
in action
1.作战
Eg.Eric had been killed in action.(新三 lesson 30,line 19)
2.在事情发生的当中3.本文“身临其境”
be faced with/by 面对...的困难 往往不是出于主语的意愿
Eg.He was faced with the biggest challenge of his career.
他面临着职业中最大的挑战。
faced s.th 直面什么，此时句子表现出强烈的动作和意愿性
Eg.You have to face the fact that she left you.
你一定要面对她已经离开你了。
句式：
as it were 虚拟语气 可视为as if it were so 的省略形式，可用于各种时态的句子中。通常作独立成分的插入语使用，位于句中，前后用逗号分开。其作用是表示所指的那个词或那句话是个比喻说法。
Eg.The sky is covered, as it were, with a black curtain. 天空好像被黑幕遮住似的。
长难句、语法：
They will be able, as it were, to see and hear us in action.
他们能够身临其境地观看我们的故事。
be able to当中插入了as it were
DAY168
Lesson38-3:The first calendar
Up to now, historians have assumed that calendars came into being with the advent of agriculture, for then man was faced with a real need to understand something about the seasons. Recent scientific evidence seems to indicate that this assumption is incorrect. Historians have long been puzzled by dots, lines and symbols which have been engraved on walls, bones, and the ivory tusk of mammoths.
知识点：
单词：
advent n.到来
dot n.small round mark or spot.
dot 点
line 线
surface 面
three-dimensional space 三维立体空间
symbols n.
a picture or shape that has a particular meaning or represents an idea象征，象征物
a letter, number, or sign that represents sth.
ivory(the tusks of an elephant) 象牙
mammoths n.猛犸象
词组：
with the advent of
随着...的到来/出现
dots, lines and symbols
点，线和形形色色的符号。
DAY169
Lesson38-4:The first calendar
The nomads who made these markings lived byhunting and fishing during the last Ice Age, whichbegan about 35,000 B.C. and ended about 10,000 B.C. By correlating markingsmade in various parts of the world, historians have been able to read thisdifficult code. They have found that it is connected with the passage of daysand the phases of the moon. It is, in fact, a, primitive type of calendar.
知识点：
单词：
nomad / ˈnouˌmæd / n.游牧者；流浪者
seminomad /ˌsemi:ˈnouˌmæd, ˌsemai-/ n.半游牧民
（One of a people whose livinghabits are largely nomadic but who plant some crops at a base point.）
Ice Age
冰河时期，又称冰川期，指地球在某些年代里陆地和海洋都被冰层覆盖的时期这些冰封地带比现在受冰封的地域广阔得多。在冰河时期，冰层覆盖了世界上大片土地，这些地区的气候非常寒冷；海洋里有很多冰块，地面也凝结了厚厚的冰。同时，由于较多水分储在冰块中，各地的海平面便较低了。冰河时期时间可以维持超过一百万年，地球形成以来冰河时期曾出现过十一次，上一个冰河时期称为“大冰河时代”，发生于距今一万八千年前，结束于一万年前，当时地球约三分之一的陆地被覆盖在240米厚的冰层下。
read：
1.to understand a situation, remark etc in one of several possible ways解读，〔按某种方式〕理解
eg. I wasn’t sure how to read his silence.
我不知道该如何解读他的沉默。
read sth as stheg.She shook her head, and I read this as a refusal.
她摇摇头，我以为这就是拒绝。
read sth well/accurately (=understandsomething correctly)正确理解某事物
eg.He had accurately read the mood of the nation.
他准确解读了国民的情绪。
2.表示〔指示牌、信上等〕写着
eg. A sign on the outer door read: ‘No Entry’.
外边的门上有一块牌子，写着“禁止入内”。
3.read sth as/for sth将…改作…/用…替换…〔用于订正讹误〕
eg.Please read £50 as £15.
请把50英镑改为15英镑。
4.度量：看〔度量仪器显示的数字〕；〔度量仪器〕显示，指示
eg. Someone should be coming to read the gas meter.
应该会有人来查煤气表。
The thermometer read 46 degrees.
温度计显示46度。
5.攻读，念〔某一课程〕
eg.I read history at Cambridge.
我在剑桥大学攻读历史。如有辨析用引用
phase
1.〔月亮或行星的〕相，相位
2.阶段，时期out of phase (with sth) （与某事）不协调
in phase (with sth)（与某事）协调
phase sth ←→ in逐步采用[实施]〔新的体制、法律、规定等〕
eg. The new tests will be phased in over the next two years.
新测试将于接下来的两年内逐步实施。
phase sth ←→ out 逐步停止使用[提供]；逐步淘汰
The subsidy for company cars is to be phased out next year.
对公司汽车的补贴明年将逐步取消。
primitive：
1.原始的
Eg.Primitive man made himself primitive tools from stones and bones.
原始人用石块和骨头做原始的工具。
2.(引申)发展水平低的，落后的
Eg.The conditions are primitive by any standards.（poor）
无论用什么标准来衡量，其条件都很简陋。
词组：
the passage of days 时光流逝；昼夜更迭
the phases of the moon 月亮圆缺
句式：
…., which began about 35,000 B.C. and ended about 10,000 B.C.
该句式可用来描述具有时间跨度的事件等。
长难句、语法：
The nomads who made these markings lived by hunting and fishing during the last Ice Age, which began about 35,000B.C.and ended about 10,000 B.C.
这些痕迹是游牧人留下的，他们生活在从公元前约35,000年到公元前10,000年的冰川期的末期，以狩猎、捕鱼为生。
who 定语从句说明游牧人nomads
marking就是上文提到的dots,lines and symbols
during引导时间状语从句
which定语从句是对冰川期的解释
By correlating markings...
by 方式介词引导了方式状语。这样的情况并不常用。
精妙翻译：
They have found that it is connectedwith the passage of days and the phases of the moon.
他们发现代码与昼夜更迭和月亮圆缺有关。其中Passage和phases的翻译避免了字面意思的直译，译作“昼夜更迭”和“月亮圆缺”，既清楚表意，又讲究了翻译的“雅”。
DAY170
Lesson38-5:The first calendar
It has long been known that the hunting scenes depicted on walls were not simply a form of artistic expression. They had a definite meaning, for they were as near as early man could get to writing. It is possible that there is a definite relation between these paintings and the markings that sometimes accompany them. It seems that man was making a real effort to understand the seasons 20,000 years earlier than has been supposed.
知识点：
单词：
depict v.描写或绘画的形式描绘了
(to describe sth. Esp. In writing or pictures)
form 形式
词组：
in the form of
以...形式
be near to writing 接近书写形式
句式：
it has long been known that...
人们早就知道
长难句、语法：
It is possible that there, is a definite relation between these paintings and the markings that sometimes accompany them.
有时，这种图画与墙壁上的刻痕共存，它们之间可能有一定的联系。
看到between 可以找找后面的and.
markings 后面的that是marking的定语从句
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