Week 25

本期语法讲坛： 名词性从句。

DAY121

L29-1: Funny or not?

Whether we find a joke funny or not largely depends on where we have been brought up. The sense of humour is mysteriously bound up with national characteristics. A Frenchman, for instance, might find it hard to laugh at a Russian joke. In the same way, a Russian might fail to see anything amusing in a joke which would make an Englishman laugh to tears.

知识点：

单词：

bound/baund/

1.bind的过去分词

bind/baind/

英英：to tie rope, string, tape, or other material around them so that they are held firmly

捆，系上，扎；封边

bind A and B together

bind A to B

1）把A绑在B上

• eg. He was bound to a chair and left. 他被绑在一把椅子上, 就那样待着.

2）英英：(fig 比喻) hold (people or things) together; unite 将（人或物）合在一起; 结合

• eg. the feelings that bind him to her 把他与她结合在一起的感情.

bind sb/oneself（to sth.）（用责任或法律义务）约束某人（使之做某事）

• eg. bind sb to secrecy 使某人答应保守秘密

• eg. bind sb to pay a debt 使某人必须还债

2.be bound （情态动词短语）必定

be bound to be/to do

1）一定会，必然会，注定会;（对某事并不确定或无确凿证据时，认为其）肯定会，确定是

英英：If you say that something is bound to happen or be true, you feel confident and certain of it, although you have no definite knowledge or evidence.

• eg. [+ to infinitive] You're bound to forget people's names occasionally.

  你肯定会偶尔忘记别人的名字。

• eg. You're bound to feel nervous about your interview.

  面试时你很可能会感到紧张。

3.扩展idioms：

be bound up in sth

very busy with sth; very interested or involved in sth 忙于某事；热衷于某事

• eg. He's too bound up in his work to have much time for his children.

  他工作太忙，没有很多时间陪孩子们。

bound and determined (NAmE)

very determined to do sth 矢志不渝；下定决心

• eg. They are bound and determined to build their own house someday.

  他们坚信总有一天他们会盖起自己的房子。

be bound together by / in sth

to be closely connected 因…(或在…方面)密切联系

• eg. communities bound together by customs and traditions

  因习俗和传统而结合在一起的社区

bound up with sth

be bound up with本义扎上……

• eg. hair bound up with ribbon

  系上丝带的头发

因此用来引申比喻，=closely connected/associated with sth（和某事密切相关），如其在本文中的用法

• eg. From that moment my life became inextricably bound up with hers.

  从那一刻起，我的生命就和她结下不解之缘。

I'll be bound (old-fashioned, BrE, informal)

I feel sure 我敢肯定

• eg. She's hatching more little plots, I'll be bound!

  我敢肯定她正在策划更多的小阴谋！

I'm bound to say

used to precede a statement which one feels it is one's duty to make, however unwelcome it may be to the hearer 我有责任说

• eg. I'm bound to say that I have some doubts.

  我有责任告诉大家我有些疑问。

3.n.界限

out of bounds

(of a place) outside the limits of where one is permitted to be 超出界限

• eg. His kitchen was out of bounds to me at mealtimes.

  用餐时间，我不得进他的厨房。

• eg. Paul felt that this conversation was getting out of bounds.

  鲍尔觉得这次谈话渐渐变得让人不能接受。

characteristic/ˌkærəktəˈristik/

1.adj.典型的

oft ADJ of n

• eg. ...the absence of strife between the generations that was so characteristic of such societies...

  这些社会中典型的代际冲突的缺失

2.n.常pl. 特色；特点；特征

• eg. The need to communicate is a key characteristic of human society.

  需要交流是人类社会最重要的一个特征。

词组：

be bound up with 与……有联系

laugh to tears 笑出泪来

长难句、语法：

Whether we find a joke funny or not largely depends on where we have been brought up.

参见本期语法讲坛：名词性从句。

精妙翻译：

In the same way, a Russian might fail to see anything amusing in a joke which would make an Englishman laugh to tears.

同样的道理，一则可以令英国人笑出泪来的笑话，俄国人听了可能觉得没有什么可笑之处。

最后的定语从句先行翻译，经语序调整翻译更流畅符合中文习惯。

DAY122

L29-2: Funny or not?

Most funny stories are based on comic situations. In spite of national differences, certain funny situations have a universal appeal. No matter where you live, you would find it difficult not to laugh at, say, Charlie Chaplin's early films. However, a new type of humour, which stems largely from the U.S., has recently come into fashion. It is called' sick humour '.Comedians base their jokes on tragic situations like violent death or serious accidents.

知识点：

单词：

comic 英/ˈkɔmik/美/ ˈkɑːmik/

滑稽的，好笑的；喜剧的；喜剧演员；连环漫画，尤以儿童为对象（BrE）a comic;（AmE）comic book

comedian/kəˈmiːdiən/喜剧演员=comic

回顾：comedy喜剧

universal/ ˌjuːniˈvəːsl/

1.普遍的；全体的；全世界的；共同的

eg. Such problems are a universal feature of old age.

这类问题是老年人的通病。

eg. Agreement on this issue is almost universal.

这个问题几乎取得全体一致的意见。

universal suffrage ( the right of all the people in a country to vote)普选权

2.普遍存在的；广泛适用的

• eg. universal facts about human nature

  人性的普遍现象

uni∙ver∙sal∙ity /ˌjuːnivəːˈsæləti/ n.

• eg. the universality of religious experience

  宗教行为的普遍性

3.普遍原则；通用原理

• eg. There are no economic universals.

  没有普遍适用的经济学原理。

appeal/əˈpiːl /v&n.上诉，吸引，呼吁

本文中：吸引力；感染力；魅力

• eg. mass / wide / popular appeal

  对大众的 / 广泛的 / 普遍的吸引力

• eg. The Beatles have never really lost their appeal.

  披头士乐队的感染力经久不衰。

• eg. The prospect of living in a city holds little appeal for me.

  住在城市里的机会对我没有什么吸引力。

• eg. sex appeal

  性魅力

词组：

laugh at…因……发笑；嘲笑，对……嗤之以鼻，一笑置之

• eg. What are you laughing at?

  你们在笑什么？

• eg. She laughed at the difficulties.

  她蔑视这些困难。

stem from 起源于，引发于

come into fashion=grow into fashion

开始流行，时兴起来，成为时髦

base A on B 以B为基础得到A

violent death暴死

句式：

in spite of …differences 尽管……不同/有差异

只需要一个adj在省略号处

• eg. in spite of cultural differences，…

  尽管文化有差异

长难句、语法：

Most funny stories are based on comic situations.

most adj.大多数的，大部分的，几乎全部的

pron.most of +…，这里的…必须有the定冠词，或物主代词，或指示代词

most of the …/most of us

No matter where you live, you would find it difficult not to laugh at, say, Charlie Chaplin's early films.

say作插入语，“比方说”

You can use say or let's say when you mention something as an example.

• eg. You could learn the basics in, let's say, three months.

  比方说，三个月你就可以掌握基本知识。

• eg. Let's take any writer, say (= for example) Dickens...

  我们随便举一个作家为例，比如说狄更斯…

V. +(that)

• eg. Say you lose your job: what would you do then?

  假设你把工作丢了：那你怎么办呢？

However, a new type of humour, which stems largely from the U.S., has recently come into fashion.

which stems…U.S.,非限制性定语从句，修饰humour

精妙翻译：

No matter where you live, you would find it difficult not to laugh at, say, Charlie Chaplin's early films.

比如说，不管你生活在哪里，你看查理.卓别林的早期电影很难不发笑。

DAY123

L29-3: Funny or not?

Many people find this sort of joke distasteful. The following example of 'sick humour' will enable you to judge for yourself. A man who had broken his right leg was taken to hospital a few weeks before Christmas. From the moment he arrived there, he kept on pestering his doctor to tell him when he would be able to go home. He dreaded having to spend Christmas in hospital.

知识点：

单词：

distasteful /disˈteistfl/ 使人不愉快的;令人反感的;讨厌的

unpleasant, disgusting, or immoral

pester /ˈpestə(r)/ 不断打扰；纠缠；烦扰

pester sb (for / with sth)

• eg. The kids kept pestering me to read to them.

  娃娃们老缠着我给他们读故事书。

词组：

this sort of

this sort of thing那（这）一类的事

judge for yourself自己判断

keep on doing sth持续不断做sth

dread doing sth非常害怕做sth

dread to do sth /doing sth/ sth

dread后面接不定式，动名词，名词都可，表达非常害怕，恐惧，担心做sth

句式：

The following example of … will enable you to judge for yourself.

接下来是……的例子，你可以自己做判断。

From the moment …, he kept on doing sth.

从……那一刻起，他就一直做……

长难句、语法：

From the moment he arrived there, he kept on pestering his doctor to tell him when he would be able to go home.

from the moment引导时间状语从句，when he would be able to go home作tell的宾语。

精妙翻译：

Many people find this sort of joke distasteful.

许多人认为这种笑话是低级庸俗的。

He dreaded having to spend Christmas in hospital.

他十分害怕在医院过圣诞。

having to 并没有直接翻译出来。我自己翻译肯定就要翻译出来。

DAY124

L29-4: Funny or not?

Though the doctor did his best, the patient's recovery was slow. On Christmas day, the man still had his right leg in plaster. He spent a miserable day in bed thinking of all the fun he was missing. The following day,however, the doctor consoled him by telling him that his chances of being able to leave hospital in time for New Year celebrations were good.

知识点：

单词：

recovery恢复

eg.

Wish you soon recovery. 祝你尽快康复。

I return to good condition. 我恢复健康了。

I regain strength. 我重获力量。

I get well. 我好了

I'm myself again. 我好了。

I'm not myself today. 我今天身体不好。

plaster 英/ ˈplɑːstə(r)/ 美 / ˈplæs- /

n. 熟石膏，膏药，创可贴；v. 用……涂抹

注意塑料 plastic / ˈplæstik /

console 注意v/n发音不同

vt. /kənˈsəʊl/安慰，安抚，抚慰，慰藉

console sb on sth with sth

辨析console，condole，comfort，cheer up，solace， sympathize各种安慰

All refer to the assuaging(assuage/ əˈsweidʒ /缓和，减轻不快 ) of unhappiness or grief.

均指减轻愁苦或悲痛。

console指一个人为减轻另一个人所感受的严重悲痛而作的努力，可能特别指设法提供代替的东西来补偿损失，或是损失者自己心里的想法。

• eg. They tried to console him for losing the prize by taking him to a theatre.

  他未能得奖，他们为要安慰他，就带他去看戏。

• eg. She was consoled to think that she at least had an understanding husband to turn to.

  她因想到自己至少有个很体贴的丈夫可以依靠而感到安慰。

condole差不多废除不用了。但若用这个字，就比console更具学究气，听起来颇为古板高傲；但却能表示与别人同感悲痛的特殊意义。

• eg. parents who condoled with each other over the loss of their child.

  因孩子死了而互相悼慰的父母。

现在最长使用这个字的名词condolence来正式表示哀悼。

comfort和cheer up都不如condole那么严重、甚至连console也不如；他们也适用于不十分严重的不愉快。

comfort是这两个词中适用范围较广的一个：

它指机智而同情地安抚一个不愉快的人。

• eg. She comforted the grieving child with a tight embrace.

  她以紧紧的一抱安慰痛苦的孩子。

也指哀痛者心中可能减轻悲痛的思想。

• eg. comforted to know that everything had been carried out exactly as his friend would have wished.

  知道一切都确照他朋友的愿望作了，堪以自慰。

cheer up肯定限于积极努力使一个人不过于重视不太大的烦恼。

• eg. She knew that if he failed to get the job she would have to exert every wile she possessed in order to cheer him up.

  她知道如果他得不到那份职业，她就必须使用一切手段使他宽心。

• eg. a bubbling manner that cheered up the most despondent men in the ward.

  使病室中最丧气的人也为之开颜的兴高采烈态度。

solace/ ˈsɔləs; NAmE ˈsɑːləs / 是很文雅的字，用来代替较为直率的comfort，可能稍嫌造作，可表示亲切深厚的同情。

• eg.The chaplain’s attempts to solace the wounded and dying during the battle.

  在战役中力图慰藉负伤和垂死之人的牧师。

sympathize是指对悲痛者的需要表示了解和注意。与其他的词相比表示较为消极的行为。

• eg. sympathizing silently with the patient’s rambling accounts of his many ills.

  默认同情病人罗嗦诉说他的许多病症。

• eg. all those who sympathized with us in our bereavement.

  所有同情我们的伤恸的人。

OPP→aggravate，grieve，hurt，sadden，upset

n./'kɒnsəʊl/（电子设备或机器的）操纵台，控制台，仪表板

词组：

do one's best竭力

have …in plaster 上着石膏

长难句、语法：

The following day,however, the doctor consoled him by telling him that his chances of being able to leave hospital in time for New Year celebrations were good.

by telling … good介词短语，作方式状语，修饰consoled；介词短语中包含一个由that引导的名词性从句，作telling的直接宾语，宾语从句中为主谓表结构。

精妙翻译：

He spent a miserable day in bed thinking of all the fun he was missing.

他在床上郁郁不乐地躺了一天，想着他错过的种种欢乐。

The following day,however, the doctor consoled him by telling him that his chances of being able to leave hospital in time for New Year celebrations were good.

然而，第二天，医生安慰他说，出院欢度新年的可能性还是很大的。

in time并没有翻译。

DAY125

L29-5: Funny or not?

The man took heart and, sure enough, on New Year's Eve he was able to hobble along to a party. To compensate for his unpleasant experiences in hospital, the man drank a little more than was good for him. In the process, he enjoyed himself thoroughly and kept telling everybody how much he hated hospitals. He was still mumbling something about hospitals at the end of the party when he slipped on a piece of ice and broke his left leg.

知识点：

单词：

hobble/ ˈhɔbl; NAmE ˈhɑːbl / 蹒跚，跛行；阻止，妨碍，使……成为问题；行为迟疑；言语结巴

辨析limp, stagger, hobble蹒跚

limp

to walk with difficulty because one leg hurts, so that you put most of your weight on the other leg

• eg. Jake was limping because of the injury to his knee.

stagger

to walk or move unsteadily, almost falling over, especially because you are drunk or have been injured

• eg. They finally staggered back to the hotel at 4 o'clock in the morning.

• eg. He hit her and she staggered and fell.

hobble

to walk with difficulty in a slow and unsteady way because your legs or feet hurt or have been injured

• eg. My new shoes were so painful I could only hobble along.

• eg. She hobbled out to the car on crutches.

compensate /ˈkɔmpenseit ; NAmE ˈkɑːm- /

人（补偿发起者）compensate(vt.) sb（被补偿对象） for sth.（补偿原因）

因为sth补偿sb

事物（补偿物）compensate(vi.) for sth（补偿原因）

compensatory adj.

compensatory payment

词组：

take heart 振作精神；获得鼓舞

从……获得鼓舞用from …

hobble along一瘸一拐

in the process

If you are doing something, and you do something else in the process, the second thing happens as a result of doing the first thing

eg. I stood up to say hello and spilt my drink in the process.

mumbling something about…

含糊，咕哝着说

句式：

长难句、语法：

The man took heart and, sure enough, on New Year's Eve he was able to hobble along to a party.

sure enough作插入语，“果然“，”果真“

To compensate for his unpleasant experiences in hospital, the man drank a little more than was good for him.

比较状语从句，than后省略了what=the wine that

精妙翻译：

The man took heart and, sure enough, on New Year's Eve he was able to hobble along to a party.

那人听后振作了精神。果然，除夕时他可以一瘸一拐地去参加晚会了。