Week 18
DAY86
L22-1: By heart
Some plays are so successful that they run for years on end. In many ways, this is unfortunate for the poor actors who are required to go on repeating the same lines night after night. One would expect them to know their parts by heart and never have cause to falter. Yet this is not always the case. A famous actor in a highly successful play was once cast in the role of an aristocrat who had been imprisoned in the Bastille for twenty years.
单词：
run
1.连续演出To be presented or performed for a continuous period of time
eg. The play ran for six months.
这个剧连演了六个月
2.（指人，马）跑、奔；（车等）行驶、（机器、公司）运转；
3.（水、液体等）流，淌
eg. Pollen makes my nose run.
花粉使我流鼻涕
4.路的延伸
eg. This road runs to the next town.
这条路伸向临近的一个镇
5.植物的蔓生
eg. Ivy ran up the wall.
常春藤顺着墙向上爬
6.消息、疾病的扩散传播
eg. disease that ran rampant.
猖獗地传播的疾病
7.参加比赛或竞争：To take part in a race or contest
eg. ran in the marathon; athletes who run for the gold medal.
参加马拉松跑；运动员为金牌而赛
8.竞选： To compete in a race for elected office
eg. ran for mayor.
竞选市长
9.（尤指定期地）来回行驶； To go back and forth especially on a regular basis
eg. The shuttle bus runs every hour.
班车一小时往来一趟
10.处于进入某种特定境遇：To pass into a specified condition
eg. run into debt
开始负债
eg. run into trouble
陷入麻烦
eg. run into an old friend
意外碰到老朋友
11.冒（危险等） To subject or be subjected to
eg. run a risk.
冒一次险
falter /'fɔ:ltə/
1.To speak hesitatingly; stammer.讲话犹豫；支吾地讲话
eg. He has practised the poem several times, so he has no cause to falter.
他练习这首诗好多次了，所以没有理由结巴。
2.拓展：
1）Stammer v.口吃, 结结巴巴地说
2）Hem and haw 哼哼唧唧，支支吾吾
eg. As Aleppo burns, the US hems and haws.(Aleppo, Syria)
阿勒波战火连天，美国支支吾吾。(阿勒波，叙利亚北部重要城市)
3）mumble英/'mʌmbl/v. 咕哝，含糊地说
4）whisper英/'wɪspə(r)/n./v. 窃窃私语
3.To move ineptly or haltingly; stumble.步伐踉跄；蹒跚(= Stagger)
eg. He faltered home.
4.To be unsteady in purpose or action胆怯，畏缩
eg. to falter under enemy fire
在敌人炮火下畏缩(不前)
5.变得软弱无力，变弱，变衰弱：
eg. The economy faltered.
经济不景气。
cast 英 /kɑːst/ 美 /kæst/
1.为(角色)选派演员，选派…扮演(某一角色)
eg. The director cast John as Hamlet.
导演选派约翰扮演哈姆雷特。
eg. In the film she was cast as a hardworking upright middle aged woman.
她在这部影片中扮演了一个勤劳正直的中年妇女。
2.投，掷，扔，抛（=throw），引申意义“投射（光、影、视线等）”
eg. The tree cast a shadow on the wall.
这棵树投影在墙上。
eg. The death of her husband has cast a shadow on her life.
她丈夫的死给她的生活蒙上了阴影。
3.(以星占术)算命；预测(潮汐)
eg. The old man cast my fortune.
这位老人给我算命
4.合计；计算(金额、账目等)
eg. You must cast up this column of figures carefully.
你必须认真地将这一栏数字加在一起。
aristocrat英 /'ærɪstəkræt; ə'rɪst/ 美 /ə'rɪstəkræt/
n.贵族阶层; 有贵族观点(或气派)的人；有上流社会的情趣(或举止、信仰)的人；（口语）（同类事物中）胜过其他者；(某一领域中的)佼佼者
辨析：aristocrat, noble
noble 一般用作形容词。如指出身、行为、品德等高贵，还可指宏伟、壮丽。noble可以在口语中和一般文章中做贵族意思，带有一定褒义，并不常用。
eg. rich and noble families
侯门朱户 （古代帝王赏赐诸侯或有功大臣的朱红色的大门）
aristocrat是名词，没有形容词义。在社会学和政治学文章中用该词。客观中性，形容该社会阶层的成员。
imprison
1.v.关押（= put sb in prison 关押某人）
eg. He was imprisoned for 10 years.
2.imprisonment n.关押
sentence sb to life imprisonment 判某人终生监禁
3.prison, jail = gaol n.监狱
send sb to prison / put sb in prison / throw sb into prison
4.in prison 坐牢（不加the）
eg. He is in prison/jail/gaol. = He is behind bars. 他在铁窗之后。
5.be in chains 在囚禁中,上着镣铐
6.be under arrest 在押的，在拘留中
Bastille 英 /bæ'stiːl/ 美 /bæs'til/
“巴士底狱”原名“巴士底要塞”，“巴士底”在法文中意为“城堡”。始建于14世纪，建成初期是军事城堡，目的是防御百年战争英国人的进攻，所以就建在巴黎城门前。
后来因巴黎市区的不断扩大，巴士底要塞成了市区东部的建筑，失去了防御外敌的作用, 到18世纪末期，法国国王在里面驻扎了大量军队,它成了控制巴黎的制高点和关押政治犯的监狱。巴士底要塞也成为了法国专制王朝的象征。文学家伏尔泰就曾被关押于此。
巴士底狱占地面积约2670平方米，有8座高约100英尺的塔楼，塔楼间由高24米宽3米的城墙相连，城墙上还配有15门重炮；城堡四周被一道宽26米深8米的壕沟所围，只有一个吊桥与外界连接。它曾一度被视为是一座固若金汤的城堡。
1789.7.14攻占巴士底狱Storming of Bastille，后1879年确定为国庆日。
攻占巴士底狱Storming of Bastille
词组：
on end
1.=continuously: 连续的，位于具体的时间之后
eg. He sat there for hours on end.
他在那里连续坐了几小时。
eg. We had hardly anything to eat for days on end.
我们已经连续数日几乎没东西可吃的了。
2.=upright 竖着
eg. The cat's fur stood on end.
那只猫的毛竖了起来。
eg. I got a big shock so my hair stood on end.
我吓了一大跳，以致于毛骨悚然。
in the end 相当于 at last, finally，是副词，意思是“最后，最终，终于”
eg. In the end, she found the solution to the problem.
最后,她找到了解决这个问题的方法.
at the end通常后边要跟上其它成分，即完整的形式是 at the end of sth，意思是“在...的末尾,在...结束的时候”
eg. At the end of the month, she finished the task.
在月末的时候,她完成了任务.
in many ways
eg. In many ways, Brett and Bernard are polar opposites. (=in many respects)
在许多方面，布雷特和伯纳德截然不同。
1.复习：In more ways than one
2.拓展：
in some way 在某种意义上
eg. I may be able to help you in some way.
我也许可以从某个方面去帮助你。
in some ways 在某些方面
eg. In some ways you are right.
在某些方面你是对的。
night after night 夜复一夜
类似day after day, hour after hour
辨析day after day, day by day
两者均可表示“一天天(地)”，但含义和用法均有区别
day by day 通常用作状语，且含有逐渐(gradually)转变的意思
day after day 可用作状语，有时也可用作主语或宾语，它通常暗示时间之长久(for many many days)
比较：
eg. Things are getting worse day by day.
情况一天天变糟。
eg. He is getting better day by day.
他一天天地好起来。
eg. Day after day we waited for news from Sally.
我们一天又一天地等着莎莉的消息。
eg. Day after day went by, and still no message arrived.
一天天过去了，还是一直没有消息。
know/learn…by heart 熟记于心
learn…by rote 死记硬背（或rote learning）
heart and soul adv.全心全意的, 全身心的
be cast in the role of …扮演…角色
be cast as …
play a part/role in…
act the part of …
句式：
1.One would expect them to know their parts by heart and never have cause to falter。
人们认为，这些演员一定会把台词背的烂熟，绝不会临场结巴的。
1）would 在这里不是过去将来时，而是表示重复和习惯性的行为，可译为“常常, 总是”
eg. He would sit for hours doing nothing.
他常常坐几个钟头什么事也不做。
eg. Teachers would expect their students to be punctual all the time and never have cause to be absent. (by珍珠米妈妈)
2）cause在此处作名词，表示理由、原因。并非动词。
两个宾补成分并列，never have cause to falter是和 know theirs lines by heart 并列的，后面这个习惯性省略了不定式符号to。
eg. I don't think you have cause to worry.
我认为你没有担心的理由。
DAY87
L22-2: By heart
In the last act, a gaoler would always come onto the stage with a letter which he would hand to the prisoner. Even though the noble was expected to read the letter at each performance, he always insisted that it should be written out in full. One night, the gaoler decided to play a joke on his colleague to find out if, after so many performances, he had managed to learn the contents of the letter by heart.
知识点：
单词：
act
名词
1.幕：戏剧或歌剧的主要片段 One of the major divisions of a play or an opera.
Act One Scene Two 第一幕第二场
2.行为the act of thinking.思考的行为
3.法案，法令 an act of Parliament 议会法令
动词：
1.To play the part of; assume the dramatic role of:扮演：担任…的角色
eg. She plans to act Lady Macbeth in the play.
她计划在剧中扮演马克白夫人.
act the part of the villain ['vɪlən] 演反面角色
2.（以某种方式）表现
eg. She acted with dignity. 她表现得很有尊严。
hand
n.（名词）
指针；方向（at my right hand在我的右面）；牌局中的玩家
帮忙，支持：help:
eg. gave me a hand with the bags.
有共同目标的人；人手
eg. called for more hands to decorate the Christmas tree;
权力：一个人地位的力量或威力：
eg. a strong hand 一位铁腕人物
掌握，持有：Possession, or keeping:
eg. The books should be in your hands by noon. 这些书应在中午之前交到你手上
权力；交托：Power; care:
eg. Dinner is in the hands of the chef. 晚餐由主厨负责 v.tr.（及物动词）
传递；转递：To give or pass with or as if with the hands;
eg. Hand me your keys. 把你的那些钥匙递给我
援助：指示或导引：
eg. The usher handed the patron to a reserved seat.
引座员把顾客引到预订的座位上
拓展
be at hand ：Soon in time; imminent: 迫在眉睫；即将发生：
eg. The examination is at hand. 惩罚就要到来。
be in hand: Under control:在控制之中：
eg. Rastus was in safe hands.
out of hand: Out of control:失去控制：
eg. The situation almost got out of hand.
expect
To look forward to the probable occurrence or appearance of: 期待
eg. expecting a telephone call; expects rain on Sunday.
等电话；等待星期天下雨
To consider likely or certain: 预期：好象或肯定地想到：
eg. expect to see them soon.预期不久看到他们
To consider obligatory; require:要求：认为应尽的；要求：(本文中的用法)
eg. The school expects its pupils to be on time. 学校要求学生准时到校
怀孕或 期望孩子诞生。用于进行时：
eg. His sister is expecting in May.他的姐姐将在五月分娩
My wife is expecting again.我妻子又怀孕了
辨析expect， anticipate， hope， await
这些动词在不同的方面涉及到前瞻将来之事物的意思。
expect : 意思是期待某事或某人可能的发生或出现：
eg. You can expect us for lunch. 你可以等我们一起吃午饭。
anticipate: 英 [æn'tɪsɪpeɪt] 美 [æn'tɪsə'pet]
有时被用作expect 的同义词， 但通常它不仅仅是期望这个意思，有时它指提前采取行动，来阻止预料中某事的发生或在一项要求或愿望说出之前使它得到满足：
eg. anticipated the attack and locked the gates; 预见会有袭击并锁上门；
hope : 意思是热切期望并对获得所期待之物的可能性方面有一定的信心：
eg. Hope for the best, but expect the worst. 做最大的希望，但也等待最大的失望。
await : 意思是满怀期望的等待；暗含肯定性：
eg. eagerly awaiting your letter. 热切等待你的来信。
词组
come on to the stage 在戏剧表演或体育比赛中表示轮到…上场，上台
eg. The next player came on. 下一位运动员上场。
hand sth to sb 把某物交给某人
write out 写出，写完
In full: completely, fully 全文
In short
In general
In average
Full-length dress 拖地长裙
Full-length series大型电视连续剧
play a joke on sb 对某人开玩笑
Play a trick on sb. (trick on sb) 对某人开玩笑
Make fun of sb 取笑某人
Laugh at sb 嘲笑
长难句、语法：
Even though the noble was expected to read the letter at each performance, he always insisted that it should be written out in full.
even though = even if = though/although
at each performance = at every performance
insist（vt.坚决要求）, suggest（vt.建议），order（vt.命令）, demand（vt.要求）, require（vt.要求）
表示建议／要求／希望的动词加that宾语从句时, that从句必须使用should+动词原形的虚拟语气（should可以省略）。
具体用法如下： 1. insist + that引导的宾语从句
1）如果insist翻译为“坚持说/坚持认为”，即that从句表示已经发生的动作时，则宾语从句使用陈述语气，即从句该用什么时态就用什么时态，当然还要和主句时态保持呼应。
如：She insisted that she was right.
She insisted (that) she had been to Beijing the year before.
2）如果insist翻译为“坚持要求/坚持主张”，即that从句的动作当时尚未发生的话，则宾语从句必须使用虚拟语气，即从句谓语动词由“should + 动词原形”构成，且should可以省略。
如：He insisted that she (should) say sorry to him first.
eg. We insist that you accept these gifts. 我们坚决要求你收下这些礼物
insist on/upon (sb/one's) (doing) sth 坚持做某事
如：You should insist on your dream.
You should insist upon doing exercise every day.
精妙翻译：
In the last act, a gaoler would always come on to the stage with a letter which he would hand to the prisoner.
在最后一幕中，狱卒手持一封信上场，然后将信交给狱中那位贵族。
原文的翻译很简单明了，加上“然后”，也体现出了动作的先后发生。
Even though the noble was expected to read the letter at each performance, he always insisted that it should be written out in full.
尽管那个贵族每场戏都得念一遍那封信。但他还是坚持要求将信的全文写在信纸上。
翻译时补充上了“写在信纸上”，信息更完整。
DAY88
L22-3: By heart
The curtain went up on the final act of the play and revealed the aristocrat sitting alone behind bars in his dark cell. Just then, the gaoler appeared with the precious letter in his hands. He entered the cell and presented the letter to the aristocrat. But the copy he gave him had not been written out in full as usual.
知识点：
单词：
reveal 英 / rɪˈvi:l / 美 / rɪˈvil /
1.VERB 显示;表明;透露(To reveal something means to make people aware of it.)
She has refused to reveal the whereabouts of her daughter...
她不肯透露她女儿的行踪。
2 VERB 揭露;展示;使显露(If you reveal something that has been out of sight, you uncover it so that people can see it.)
A grey carpet was removed to reveal the original pine floor.
一块灰色的地毯被揭开，露出了原来的松木地板。
辨析 " disclose, expose, uncover, reveal"
这些动词都表示“揭露，暴露”之意。
disclose : 侧重指揭露或泄露鲜为人知或保密的事。
The company disclosed that he will retire in May.
公司透露他将在5月退休。
expose : 多指揭露丑闻、坏人坏事或各种阴谋。也可指某物暴露在外。
When Myra told Karp she'd expose his past, he blew up.
当迈拉告诉卡普她会把他的过去全抖搂出去时，卡普大为生气。
uncover : 主要指移去遮盖物，让东西显露出来。也可指揭露阴谋、秘密等。
Uncover the pan and let the soup simmer.
揭开锅盖，让汤再慢火煨一下。
reveal : 多指揭露一直隐藏或隐秘的东西，或启示超乎常人领导能力的真理。
He cannot reveal how much money is involved in the scheme.
他不能透露该计划投入了多少钱。
Present
动词：英 [priˈzent] 美 [prɪˈzɛnt] 1. 显示或呈现To offer for observation： 2. 将…置于另一人前以让他接受或拒绝，用于正式场合和仪式上的一种方式：
eg. “A footman entered, and presented . . . some mail on a silver tray” (Winston Churchill).
“一个仆役进来，将银托上的一些信件呈了…上来” （温斯顿·丘吉尔）
名词 英 [ˈprezənt] 美 [ˈprɛzənt] 1. 现在的，目前的：
the present leader; present trends. 2. 随时在手边的或出席的Being at hand or in attendance:
eg. Thirty guests were present at the ceremony.
有三十位客人出席这次典礼
词组：
On the final act 最后一幕戏 (=in the last act)
go up : 本文中指幕布升起
behind bars: 铁窗之后
精妙翻译：
The curtain went up on the final act of the play and revealed the aristocrat sitting alone behind bars in his dark cell.
大幕拉开，最后一幕戏开演，贵族独自一人坐在铁窗后阴暗的牢房里。
（reveal 体现了显露出的场景，用词精确；bar本身是铁棒的意思，在本文中指代监狱的铁窗）
DAY89
L22-4: By heart
It was simply a blank sheet of paper. The gaoler looked on eagerly, anxious to see if his fellow actor had at last learnt his lines. The noble stared at the blank sheet of paper for a few seconds. Then, squinting his eyes, he said: 'The light is dim. Read the letter to me.' And he promptly handed the sheet of paper to the gaoler.
知识点：
单词：
blank /blæŋk/
adj. 空白的；空虚的；单调的
n. 空白；空虚；空白表格
go blank : （脑子里/屏幕上〕突然一片空白
My mind’s a blank. 我的脑子一片空白
blank sth out 涂掉，划掉
The actual names had been blanked out. 具体姓名已被涂掉。
squint /skwɪnt/
vi. 眯眼看；斜视；窥视；偏移
vt. 使斜眼；眯眼看
n. 斜视；
have/take a squint at sth 看一眼某物；瞟一眼某物
dim /dɪm/
adj. 暗淡的，昏暗的；模糊的，看不清的；悲观的，怀疑的
Eg. The prospects are dim. 前途暗淡。
take a dim view of sth 不赞同某事，对某事持否定态度
a dim room 微暗的房间
a dim lightbulb 暗淡的灯泡
a dim figure in the distance 远处模糊的景象
词组：
a blank sheet of paper 一张白纸
look on 观看，旁观；看待
stare at 凝视；盯着看
长难句、语法：
The gaoler looked on eagerly, anxious to see if his fellow actor had at last learnt his lines.
狱卒热切地观察着，急于想了解他的同事是否记熟了台词。
anxious to see if …形容词短语在这里做伴随状语。而 if在这里的意思是“是否”，引导的宾语从句，see的宾语。
精妙翻译：
Then, squinting his eyes, he said: 'The light is dim. Read the letter to me.' And he promptly handed the sheet of paper to the gaoler.
然后，眼珠一转，说到：“光线太暗，请给我读一下这封信。” 说完，他一下子把信递给了狱卒。
DAY 90
L22-5: By heart
Finding that he could not remember a word of the letter either, the gaoler replied: 'The light is indeed dim, sire. I must get my glasses.' With this, he hurried off the stage. Much to the aristocrat's amusement, the gaoler returned a few moments later with a pair of glasses and the usual copy of the letter which he proceeded to read to the prisoner.
知识点：
单词：
indeed 英 /ɪnˈdi:d /美 /ɪnˈdid/
1 ADV 确实;的确 (You use indeed to confirm or agree with something that has just been said.) —— 本文中的意思
e.g: He did indeed keep important documents inside his hat...
他确实把重要文件放在了他的帽子里。
2 ADV (表示语气的递进)实际上,其实,确切说来(You use indeed to introduce a further comment or statement which strengthens the point you have already made.)
e.g: We have nothing against diversity; indeed, we want more of it...
我们一点都不抵触多样化;实际上,我们需要多样性更丰富一些。
3 ADV (位于句末修饰very或强调某词)确实,实在 (You use indeed at the end of a clause to give extra force to the word 'very', or to emphasize a particular word).
e.g: The wine was very good indeed...
红酒确实非常好。
4 ADV (重复问题以作强调,尤用于答案未知时)到底,究竟
e.g: And what do we do here?' — 'What, indeed?'
“我们在这里做什么呢?”——“是啊，到底做什么?”
proceed 英 / prəˈsi:d / 美 / proʊˈsid /
1.VERB 接下来做；接着做 (If you proceed to do something, you do it, often after doing something else first.)尤指打断后继续做
proceed to/with 进行继续某事
-- Let's proceed to business.
-- You must proceed with your work. 2.VERB （朝某个方向）前进，行进 (If you proceed in a particular direction, you go in that direction.) She climbed the steps and proceeded along the upstairs hallway...
她爬上楼梯，顺着楼上的走廊走去。 3.N-PLURAL （某个事件或活动的）收入，收益(The proceeds of an event or activity are the money that has been obtained from it.)
The proceeds from the concert will go towards famine relief.
音乐会的收入将用于救助饥荒。
词组：
to one's amusement 让某人感到可笑的是
a few moments later 不一会儿（a few minutes later）
eg. Server busy. Please try again in a few moments later.
服务器繁忙, 请片刻后重试。
hurry off （使）迅速离开；
Please hurry off if you want to get there earlier.
如果你想早点到达那里,请赶快出发.
长难句、语法：
Much to the aristocrat's amusement, the gaoler returned a few moments later with a pair of glasses and the usual copy of the letter which he proceeded to read to the prisoner.
( 贵族感到好笑的是：一会儿工夫，狱卒重新登台，拿来了一副眼镜以及平时使用的那封信，然后为那囚犯念了起来。）
本文中much为副词，此处修饰其后的介词短语 to the aristocrat's amusement. much to + sb's sth. 意思是“给某人带来很大的......”
精妙翻译：
With this, he hurried off the stage. 本文翻译为：他一边说，一边匆匆下台。（简翻译单明了，又表现了狱卒的紧张和慌乱。）
Last updated
Was this helpful?
