Week 17

DAY81

L21-1: Daniel Mendoza

Boxing matches were very popular in England two hundred years ago. In those days, boxers fought with bare fists for prize money. Because of this, they were known as 'prizefighters'. However, boxing was very crude, for there were no rules and a prizefighter could be seriously injured or even killed during a match. One of the most colourful figures in boxing history was Daniel Mendoza, who was born in 1764.

知识点：

单词：

match /mætʃ/

1.n.（体育）比赛，球赛

• Eg. A match is an organized game of football, tennis, cricket, or some other sport.

• Eg. France won the match 28-19.法国队以28比19赢得了这场比赛。

2.n. 火柴

3.v. （颜色、样式等）与…相称，与…相配；（数量或质量）比得上，与…不相上下，使一致；与…配对，与…匹配；比得上，敌得过；使较劲，使竞赛

4.n.[单数]相配的物（或人）

5.相关短语：

meet match遇到强劲的对手，棋逢对手

no match for不能与…相比，敌不过

• Eg. I had finally met my match in power and intellect.

  我终于遇上了与我在力量与智力上不相上下的劲敌。

• Eg. I was no match for a man with such power.

  我根本不是这样强大的男人的对手。

辨析match,race,game,competition,contest

A match is an organized game of football, tennis, cricket, or some other sport.（ 一般指代表队之间的大型的公开比赛，尤指球类比赛）

A race is a competition to see who is the fastest, for example in running, swimming, or driving.（通常指短跑比赛，如百米赛跑、接力赛等）

A game is an activity or sport usually involving skill, chance, or endurance on the part of two or more persons who play according to a set of rules, usually for their own amusement or for that of spectators.（通常指为了娱乐或锻炼、根据某种规则以胜负为主的比赛，既可是体力的，亦可是脑力的）

A competition is an event in which many people take part in order to find out who is best at a particular activity.（指对力量、技术和能力的比赛）

A contest is a race, conflict, or other competition between rivals, as for a prize.（contest与competition用法非常接近，有时可互换，只是contest是一种更正规的竞赛，一般要有评委班子，并要评出几等奖）

bare/ ber/ 美 /beə(r)/英

1.adj. 裸体的；裸露的；（树木）光秃秃的；（土地）荒芜的；空的；（事实、细节等）最基本的，最重要的；仅有的（强调数量少）

2.v. 揭开；脱（衣服）；露出

• Eg. She had bare arms and a bare neck.

  她的胳膊和脖子都露在外面。

• Eg. Walsh bared his teeth in a grin.

  沃尔什露齿一笑。

3.相关短语：

with bare hands赤手空拳，徒手；

lay sth bare使暴露出来，lay sth/sb bare 揭露，揭发；

bare one's soul 敞开心扉，倾诉衷肠

fist/ fɪst/

1.n. 拳头，拳

2.短语：iron fist （政策或方法）铁拳的，残酷无情的，强硬的

• Eg. The iron-fist policy towards the fundamentalists is unlikely to be interrupted.

  对原教旨主义者采取的铁拳政策不可能中止。

prizefighter = prize fighter/ˈpraɪzˌfaɪtər/ 美 /ˈpraɪzˌfaɪtə(r)/英

职业拳击手（尤指古时赤手拳击手）

figure/ ˈfɪɡjər/美 / ˈfɪɡə(r)/英

1.知名人士，重要人物

• Eg. The movement is supported by key figures in the three main political parties.

  这个运动受到三大政党关键人物的支持。

2.n. 数字，（尤指）统计数字；（0到9的）数字符号；[复数名词]位数；人影，身影；（绘画作品中的）人物，雕像，塑像；体型，身材；（书、杂志等中的）图、表

3.v. 认为，猜想，估计；不奇怪，很正常，合乎情理；出现，包括；显出……的样子

4.短语：

figure of fun 小丑，可笑的人；

keep/lose your figure保持/失去苗条的身材；

put a figure on说出……的确切数量（或数目）；

figure on 预料，料想；

figure out想出，理解，弄清；

figure up算出……的总和

词组：

fight for

1.（为……而）斗争，努力争取

2.you fight for sth: you try in a determined way to get it or achieve it

be known as

1.被称作……

2.known知名的，出了名的

3.known for以……闻名的

4.let it be known that使人们知道（或清楚），明确表示

with bare fists

不戴手套

one of the most colourful figures in boxing history

拳击史上最引人注目的人物之一

句式：

could be……or even

有可能……甚至……

精妙翻译：

In those days, boxers fought with bare fists for prize money.

1.当时，拳击手们不戴手套，为争夺奖金而搏斗。（bare fists直译为“赤裸的拳头”，也就是不戴手套，这里的拳击手特指古时的赤手拳击手，所以翻译成“不戴手套”很贴切）

2.In those days, boxers fought with bare fists for prize money. 这个句子还可以改成： In those days, boxers fought for prize money with bare fists.

3.我的理解：其中核心动词是fight，fight for sth，with bare fists应该算是伴随状语，表示boxers的状态。

However, boxing was very crude, for there were no rules and a prizefighters could be seriously injured or even killed during a match.

不过，拳击是十分野蛮的，因为当时没有任何比赛规则，职业拳击手有可能在比赛中受重伤，甚至丧命。（rule是“规则”的意思，结合语境加上“比赛”，这里其实是两个句子，and把两个句子连起来了，在翻译时省略掉and会更自然些。）

one of the most coluorful figures in boxing history

拳击史上最引人注目的人物之一（colourful翻译成“引人注目”很特别）

摘要写作：

Prizefighters are very popular two hundred years ago in England. On the cruel history of boxing，there was a colourful figure, Daniel Mendoza, who was born in 1764.

DAY82

L21-2: Daniel Mendoza

The use of gloves was not introduced until 1860, when the Marquis of Queensberry drew up the first set of rules. Though he was technically a prizefighter, Mendoza did much to change crude prizefighting into a sport, for he brought science to the game. In this day, Mendoza enjoyed tremendous popularity. He was adored by rich and poor alike. Mendoza rose to fame swiftly after a boxing match when he was only fourteen years old.

知识点：

单词：

Marquis /'mɑrkwɪs/

n.侯爵

technically /'tɛknɪkli/

adv.严格根据法律意义地

tremendous /trə'mɛndəs]/

adj. 极大的，巨大的；惊人的；极好的

popularity

n.名望（n.普及, 流行, 声望）

fame

n.名声, 名望, 传说

辨析reputation，fame，prestige，renown，popularity名望，声望

reputation “名声”、“声望”，普通用词，可用于人，也可用于物。可指好的名声，也可指的坏名声。

• eg. Bille’s reputation as a great jazz-blues rests on her ability to give emotional depth to her song.

  毕利的获得爵士布鲁斯乐曲表演家杰出的名声在于她能将感情深深地融入到她的歌之中。

• eg. This product has enjoyed a reputation of many years for good quality in the international market.

  该产品多年来在国际市场因质量高而享有盛名。

• eg. He has a reputation of not keeping his promises.

  他有不遵守诺言的坏名声。

fame 普通用词，一般指由于某方面优秀享有好的名声。

• eg. For all his fame and great achievements, Einstein was a very simple man.

  尽管他有很大名声和伟大的成就，爱因斯坦是一个非常简朴的人。

• eg. His son is involved in the bribery, which has compromised the old man’s good fame.

  他的儿子是参与了贿赂，这有损于老人的好的名声。

prestige “声望”、“威望”， 指在社会上很高的声望，语气比 reputation 和 fame 强。

• eg. The wealthy man sought to obtain social prestige by contributing to popular charities.

  这位富有的人想通过捐钱给慈善机构来赢社会信誉。

• eg. It will be my great honor if I could be admitted into your university of such high international prestige.

  如果我能被你们这所享有国际声誉的大学录取，那是我极大的荣幸。

renown “声望”、“威望”，语气最强，指显赫的声誉。强调由于取得伟大成就，而影响广泛，威望极高。

• eg. Albert Einstein was a physicist of great renown.

  阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦是一位威望极高物理学家。

• eg. Although a scholar of world renown, he would not object to others picking his brains on anything he knows about.

  虽然是一位有世界名望的学者，他不反对别人的他的学识提出挑战。

popularity “名气”、“名望”。其形容词是popular，指某事或某人受到人们普遍欢迎、青睐、流行而、获得的名声或名望。

• eg. Disco has an extensive popularity among young people.

  迪斯科在年轻人当中有广泛的知名度。

• eg. With the increasing popularity of credit cards, installment of its functions has widely accepted by consumers.

  隨着信用卡日益普及，其分期付款的功能为消费者普遍认可。

• eg. Sports star is an athletic image with great popularity among the public which is especially promoted by mass media.

  体育明星在公众中树立高名声的运动员形象，特别为媒体所推崇。

  adore

v.崇拜, 爱戴（= worship vi.敬神, 拜神 vt.崇拜, 尊敬）

• Eg. More and more people adore the famous actress.

alike

1.adv.一样地

= similarly adv.同样地, 类似于

= equally adv.同样地, 相等地, 平等地

= as well 也, 又, 同样

= in the same way adv.同样地

• Eg. He was adored by rich and poor alike.

• Eg. The teacher is adored by boy and girl alike.

词组：

1.draw up 草拟，起草

2.bring to 带来

3.change ··· into ··· 把···变成···

4.be adored by 为···崇拜

5.rise to fame 名声大振

6.in his day 在他的全盛时期

精妙翻译：

The use of gloves was not introduced until 1860, when the Marquis of Queensberry drew up the first set of rules.

1.1860年昆斯伯里侯爵第一次为拳击比赛制定了规则，拳击比赛这才用上了手套。

2.introduce vt. 介绍（某人）；引进（某物）；采用（某种技术）

3.注意时间状语的翻译

DAY83

L21-3: Daniel Mendoza

This attracted the attention of Richard Humphries who was then the most eminent boxer in England. He offered to train Mendoza and his young pupil was quick to learn. In fact, Mendoza soon became so successful that Humphries turned against him. The two men quarrelled bitterly and it was clear that the argument could only be settled by a fight. A match was held at Stilton, where both men fought for an hour.

知识点：

单词：

eminent /ˈɛmɪnənt/

1.adj. 杰出的；有名的；

2.近义词：outstanding，excellent，prominent，brilliant，distinguished

辨析famous, noted, prominent, outstanding, notorious, eminent, notable著名的

这些形容词均含有“著名的，知名的”之意。

famous : 是普通用词，指传播很广，引起人们注意的人或事物

noted : 多指因成绩卓著而备受注意的专家或权威及其著作，有时含贬义。

prominent : 指出人头地，为公众所熟悉，至少在地方上闻名。

outstanding : 侧重指因素质优良，功绩卓著而超过同类的人或物，强调“突出”。

notorious /no'tɔrɪəs/ : 指因劣迹而臭名昭著，含强烈贬义；但有时也作“众所周知的”解。

eminent : 指在某方面杰出卓越或突出的人或物。

notable : 用于指事件时，侧重其重要、值得注意；用于指人时，与famous同义，但语气较弱。

pupil /pjupl/

n. 学生；[解剖] 瞳孔；未成年人

quarrel /ˈkwɔrəl/

1.vi. 吵架；争论；挑剔

2.n. 吵架；反目；怨言；争吵的原因；方头凿

3.quarrel with 跟···吵架

4.quarrel about 争论；为···争吵

5.近义词：debate

bitterly /ˈbɪtɚli/

1.adv. 苦涩地，悲痛地；残酷地；怨恨地；愤恨地

• eg. bitterly cold ：very cold 透心凉

• eg. bitterly disappointed 彻底的失望

2.bitter

adj. 苦的；痛苦的；尖刻的；充满仇恨的

n. 苦味；苦啤酒

adv. 激烈地；严寒刺骨地

vt. 使变苦

• eg. a bitter quarrel 激烈的争吵 quarrel bitterly

settle /ˈsɛtl/

1.to end an argument or solve a disagreement 和解；结束〔争论〕；解决〔分歧〕

• Eg. We hope the factions will be able to settle their differences (= agree to stop arguing ) by peaceful means.

  我们希望各派系能以和平方式解决分歧。

• Eg. They might be willing to settle out of court (= come to an agreement without going to a court of law ) .

  他们或许会愿意庭外和解。

2.settle a dispute /lawsuit /conflict /argument

to decide what you are going to do, especially so that you can make definite arrangements 确定，决定，一般用被动态

• Eg. Nothing’s settled yet.

  一切都还未定。

• Eg. It’s settled then. I’ll go back to the States in June.

  那就这么定了，我六月份回美国。

3.to go to live in a new place, and stay there for a long time 定居

settle in 在···定居

• Eg. Many Jewish people settled in the Lower East Side.

  许多犹太人在（纽约曼哈顿）下东区定居。

词组：

attract the attention of 吸引某人的注意

turn against sb 与···反目成仇

句式：

so ··· that ··· 如此···以致于···

• eg. He became so successful that Humphries turned against him.

it is clear that ··· 很显然，···

• eg. It was clear that I made a mistake here.

长难句、语法：

A match was held at Stilton, where both men fought for an hour.

1.以where引导的从句作Stilton的定语

2.fought, fight的过去式

fight for 为···而战，而奋斗

fight against 与···作斗争；反对

fight with 与···并肩作战；与···打架

3.for an hour是时间状语，表示两个人打架打了一个小时，而与fight for这个词组没有关系

精妙翻译：

This attracted the attention of Richard Humphries who was then the most eminent boxer in England.

1.这引起了当时英国拳坛名将理查德·汉弗莱斯的注意。

2.对定语从句who was then the most eminent boxer in England的翻译很简单明了，当时英国拳坛名将

He offered to train Mendoza and his young pupil was quick to learn.

1.他主动提出教授门多萨，而年少的门多萨一学就会。

2.为了不让指代不清楚，句子中的他只指代汉弗莱斯一个人，对于门多萨用了两个不同的词，一个是名字Mendoza，另一是his young pupil

3.be quick to learn 学得快，翻译成“一学就会”

The two men quarrelled bitterly and it was clear that the argument could only be settled by a fight.

1.两个人争吵不休，显而易见，只有较量一番才能解决问题。

2.英文中是被动句，the argument be settled，但是中文里还是可以是主动语态，解决问题

DAY84

L21-4: Daniel Mendoza

The public bet a great deal of money on Mendoza, but he was defeated. Mendoza met Humphries in the ring on a later occasion and he lost for a second time. It was not until his third match in 1790 that he finally beat Humphries and became Champion of England. Meanwhile, he founded a highly successful Academy and even Lord Byron became one of his pupils.

知识点：

单词：

bet /bet/

1.n.打赌，赌博，赌注; 被下赌注的对象; 可能性;

2.vi.当然，的确; 打赌(on,against,with);

3.vt.敢断定，敢说，断言，有把握说，敢于肯定(将发生的事)，确信；预言：

• Eg. He bet $50 that his horse would win.

  他拿50美元打赌，说他的马将会赢。

• Eg. He bet on that horse.

  他把赌注下在那匹马上。

• Eg. I bet that it will snow tomorrow.

  我敢说明天一定会下雪。

4.过去式 bet或betted过去分词 bet或betted现在分词 betting

5.I bet/ I'll bet 我敢保证，我敢肯定

• Eg. I bet you she won’t come.

  我跟你打赌她不会来的。

6.You bet! 的确！ 当然！ 一定！ 一点不错！

• Eg. "Going to the party on Saturday?" "You bet!"

  “星期六去参加聚会吗？” “当然啦！”

ring /rɪŋ/

1.vi. 按铃；敲钟；回响；成环形

2.n. 戒指；铃声，钟声；拳击场；环形物

3.vt. 按铃；包围；敲钟；套住

辨析beat,defeat

beat 击败，战胜〔尤用于口语〕

to get more points, votes etc than someone, used especially in spoken English

• Eg. We should have beaten them easily.

  我们本来应该能够轻松击败他们。

• Eg. I always beat my brother at tennis.

  打网球我总是赢我弟弟。

defeat 打败，击败〔defeat比beat正式，尤用于书面语〕

to beat someone. Defeat is more formal than beat and is used especially in writing

• Eg. England were defeated by 2 goals to 1.

  英格兰队以一比二败北。

• Eg. Bush defeated Kerry in the election.

  布什在大选中击败了克里。

词组：

a great deal of 许许多多的；大量的

bet on 在···身上押下···

in the ring 在拳击比赛中

on a later occasion 在随后的场合

found an academy 成立了一个学院

found /faʊnd/

vt. 创立，建立；创办

v. 找到（find的过去分词）

句式：

It is / was not until + 从句 + that +主句 直到···才···

1.not until 是一个词组，可以连在一起用，也可以分开用。

• Eg. It was not until I was seventeen that I needed to work hard in my study.

• Eg. The use of gloves was not introduced until 1860.

• Eg. It was I went there I began to know something about the matter.

  直到我到那里我才了解那件事。

  A. until; when B.until; that C.not until; that D.not when;that （正确为C）

2.not…until句型和It is / was not until…that…强调句型可以互相转换

3.Not until+从句+倒装的主句

4.Not until…放在句首，该句型中的主句用倒装结构，until引导的从句不要倒装。

• Eg. Not until the teacher came in did the students stop talking.

  直到老师进来学生们才停止讲话。

• Eg. Not until next week will the sports meet be held.

  直到下周才开运动会。

5.主句倒装时要注意以下几点：

1）主句倒装时注意主句中的谓语动词是is/are/am/was/were时，将此be动词提到主句的主语前面；

2）主句中的谓语动词是实意动词，时态为现在/过去时，将do/does/did提前到主语前，完成时将have/has/had提到主语前；

3）主句中的谓语由情态动词构成时，将情态动词如can/may/must/could等提到主句的主语前。

4）主句中时态为将来时，将will等提到主句中的主语前面。

长难句、语法：

It was not until his third match in 1790 that he finally beat Humphries and became Champion of England..

这是一个it 的强调句。被强调的部分not until his third match in 1790放在It was之后，句子的其他部分放在引导词that 之后。

辨析 until 与 not...until...、it is not until...that

1.until （即是介词又是连词）要区分开哪种情况是介词及连词

区别 ：介词（prep.）until后接的不是句子

连词（conj.）until后接的是句子

2.Until 作为介词 prep.

1）直到...时,到...为止

• Eg. Will this fish keep until tomorrow?

  这鱼能搁到明天吗?

2）(用于否定句)在...之前,直到...才

• Eg. She didn't go to bed until eleven o'clock.

  她直到十一点才上床睡觉。

3.Until作为连接词 conj.

1）直到...时,到...为止

• Eg. You can wait here until help comes.

  你可以在这里等，直到有人来帮你。

2）(用于否定句)在...以前,直到...才

• Eg. She didn't go to bed until her daughter came back.

  她一直等到女儿回来才去睡觉。

4.not…until意思是：“直到……才……”， 表示在这个界限之前一直没有发生这个动作

until意思是：“直到……”，表示这个动作一直延续到这个界限出现时。

5.对not…until的强调结构为It is / was not until… that…

虽然两者都有not进行了否定，但中文要译成肯定“直到才……”

• Eg. It was not until yesterday that I noticed it. =I didn’t notice it until yesterday.

  直到昨天我才注意到此事。

精妙翻译：

Mendoza met Humphries in the ring on a later occasion and he lost for a second time.

1.后来，门多萨与汉弗莱斯再次在拳击场上较量，门多萨又输了一场。

2.in the ring （网络）和某人赛一场；我理解的是，古代的竞技场，比如罗马竞技场就是圆形的，所以这里可能就是ring表示竞技场的意思。

3.on a later occasion 后来又一次

4.for a second time 第二次；再一次

DAY85

L21-5: Daniel Mendoza

He earned enormous sums of money and was paid as much as £100 for a single appearance. Despite this, he was so extravagant that he was always in debt. After he was defeated by a boxer called Gentleman Jackson, he was quickly forgotten. He was sent to prison for failing to pay his debts and died in poverty in 1836.

知识点：

单词：

enormous /ɪˈnɔrməs/

adj. 庞大的，巨大的；凶暴的，极恶的

extravagant/ ɪkˈstrævəɡənt /

1.奢侈的，挥霍的，放纵的

Eg. an extravagant man 挥霍无度的人

Eg. Extravagant tastes and habits 奢侈的爱好和习惯

2.（指想法、言行）放肆的、越轨的，过度的

Eg. Extravagant praise , behavior, claims 过分的赞扬、放肆的行为、过高的要求

poverty美 /ˈpɑvərti/ 英 /ˈpɒvə(r)ti/

1.贫穷

• Eg. live in poverty 过着贫困的生活

2.贫乏，缺乏

• Eg. His work was criticized for its poverty of imagination. 他的作品因缺乏想象力而受到批评。

3.劣质

• Eg. the poverty of the soil 土地的贫瘠

debt [dɛt]

• n. 债务；借款；罪过

  词组：

  enormous sums of money 大笔大笔的钱

  as much as 多达

  a single appearance 一次出场

  一次出场费 fee for a single appearance

  be in debt 欠债

  be sent to prison 被捕入狱

fail to pay his debts 无力还债

fail to do sth 做某事失败；没能做成某事

die in poverty 在贫困中死去

1.be in poverty 处于贫困之中

2.live in poverty 过着贫困的生活

句式：

as much as 多达

• Eg. The marginal tax rate on some production is as much as 80%. 一些产品的边际税竟高达80%。

so ··· that ··· 如此··· 以致于

• Eg. Lily is so lazy that she lost her job.

精妙翻译：

he was so extravagant that he was always in debt.

他挥霍无度，经常债台高筑。

• 本句话并没有很生硬地将so ……that 翻译为：如此······以至于······，而是很自然地将extravagant， in debt翻译出来，值得学习。

  he was sent to prison for failing to pay his debts and died in poverty in 1836.

他因无力还债而被捕入狱，最后于1836年在贫困中死去。

• 本句话对fail to 翻译得很自然， sent to prison 不是生硬地译为“送去监狱”，而是“被捕入狱”。