Week 14
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The Verrazano Bridge, which was designed by Othmar Ammann, joins Brooklyn to Staten Island. It has a span of 4,260 feet. The bridge is so long that the shape of the earth had to be taken into account by its designer.Two great towers support four huge cables. The towers are built on immense underwater platforms make of steel and concrete.
韦拉札诺海峡大桥Verrazano-Narrows Bridge
每年举办的纽约市马拉松竞赛以此处为起点，另外大部分要进入纽约港的货船或是游艇都必须经过此桥之下,一条位于美国纽约州纽约市的桥梁，以双层结构的悬索桥横跨韦拉札诺海峡来连接纽约市的史泰登岛与布鲁克林。此桥是以意大利探险家乔凡尼·达·韦拉札诺来命名的，韦拉札诺是有纪录以来第一个进入纽约港以及哈德逊河的欧洲探险家。
单词：
span / spæn /n. 间隔，期间；（桥或建筑物）横跨，跨越；（注意力等的）持续时间；范围；包括的种类；跨度；宽度，宽幅 v. 持续；贯穿；包括，遍及（广大地区）；涵盖（多项内容）
eg. The arch has a span of 60 meters. 那个拱的跨度为60米。
eg. He has a short attention / concentration span.他的注意力持续时间很短。
eg. an average life span of seventy years平均寿命70岁
eg. Over a span of just three years, the new government has transformed the country's economic prospects.仅仅三年的时间，新政府已经使该国的经济前景出现改观。
eg. The river Thames is spanned by many bridges. 泰晤士河上很多桥。
eg. Her life spanned almost the whole of the 19th century. 她的一生几乎经历了整个19世纪。
spick and span/spic and span非常整洁的
eg. my little house is spick and span.我的小房子整洁干净。
earth
专有名词：地球（指宇宙组成部分时用Earth，指人类居住的星球时用the Earth）
单数n. 陆地，地面，the earth
（不可数n.）泥土，土壤，土地；（可数n.）狐等的洞穴
on earth
（用于以how, why, what 或 where 开始的问句，表示强调，通常表示问题没有答案或很难回答）究竟，到底
eg. How on earth did that happen?...那件事到底怎么发生的？
(用于包含形容词最高级的名词短语后表示强调)世界上，人世间
eg. He wanted to be the fastest man on earth.他想成为世界上跑得最快的人。
come/bring down/back to earth（with a bang/bump）（激动之后）恢复正常生活，回到现实（informal）
eg. When he came down to earth after his win he admitted: 'It was an amazing feeling'...从胜利的喜悦中平复后，他承认：“当时感觉棒极了。”
eg. I was shocked, brought down to earth by this revelation.真相的披露让我深感震惊，我被带回了现实。
go to 'earth / 'ground (BrE) =especially to escape from sb who is chasing you躲藏起来(以免被捉住)
run sth/sb to earth（经过长时间的寻找后）终于找到
eg. She ran him to earth in the pub at five to one.1点差5分的时候，她终于在酒馆里找到了他。
cost the earth / paid the earth价格不菲/斥巨资
eg. It must have cost the earth.这肯定花了很多钱。
be feel/look/taste,etc like nothing (else) on Earth=very strange, unusual or unpleasant 极其古怪；极不寻常；非常糟糕（informal）
eg. With his make-up and strange clothes, he looked like nothing on Earth.他化了妆，穿了一身稀奇古怪的衣服，看上去像个外星人。
cable 美 /'keɪb(ə)l / ; 英/'keɪb(ə)l/ n.电缆，钢缆；缆索；绞线；有线电视（不可数） v. 发电报；通过海底电缆发(电报)；敷设电缆
cable to sb from ……
eg. send a cable to sb abroad 给海外某人拍发电报
cable sth to sb ; send (money,a message ,etc) by cable 用电报汇款；打电报传送（信息）
concrete 英 /'kɒŋkriːt/ n.混凝土；水泥；具体物；凝结物 v. (使)固结；(使)结合；用混凝土修筑 adj. 具体的；实际的
existing in material form,that can be touched,felt ,etc 以物质形式存在的；具体的，实体的
eg. Psycsics deals with the forces acting on concrete objects. 物理学研究作用于物体上的力。
eg. He had no concrete evidence...他没有确凿的证据……
building material made by mixing cement with sand ,gravel .etc and water 混凝土
eg. modern building made of concrete 用混凝土建造的现代建筑物
词组：
a span of :跨度，桥长
take into account/ take into consideration / take account of 考虑到，重视
eg. We have to take the date into account when we have the meeting
句式：
be taken into account by… ……被考虑到
精妙翻译：
The towers are built on immense underwater platforms made of steel and concrete.
塔身建在巨大的水下钢筋混凝土平台上
The platforms extend to a depth of over 100 feet under the sea. These alone took sixteen months to build. Above the surface of the water, the towers rise to a height of nearly 700 feet. They support the cables from which the bridge has been suspended. Each of the four cables contains 26,108 lengths of wire.
wire
n.电线;金属丝;电报;（木偶的）牵线，操纵绳，背后操纵的势力，秘密引线，秘密策略
vi.拍电报
vt.拍电报;给…装电线
get your wires crossed 误会(别人的意思)
go/come (right) down to the wire 直到最后才见分晓（新闻语域）
suspend/səˈspend/悬；挂；吊；暂停；中止；使暂停发挥作用(或使用等)；延缓；暂缓；推迟；使暂时停职(或停学等)
eg. A lamp was suspendedfrom the ceiling. 一盏吊灯悬在天花板上。
eg. Production has beensuspended while safety checks are carried out. 在进行安全检查期间生产暂停。
eg. The introduction of thenew system has been suspended until next year. 新制度推迟到明年再行实施。
eg. The police officer was suspended while the complaintwas investigated. 投诉调查期间,这位警员被暂停职务。 eg. be suspended in sth (technical 术语) to float in liquid or air without moving悬浮
词组：
extend to （使）达到，伸展到
extend to a depth of 深度达到……
rise to a height of 上升到……高度；达到多高
注意以上两组的动词与名词搭配
be suspended from/by/on sth被……悬在……上（eg.from the job被停职）
长难句、语法：
They support the cables from which the bridge has been suspended.
我们可以把它拆分为两个句子：
They support the cables.
The bridge has been suspended from the cables.
the bridge has been suspended是定语从句修饰the cables.
from是介词,这类定语从句的介词可以提到which前面.
翻译：高塔支撑着钢缆，而钢缆又支撑着大桥。
精妙翻译：
These alone took sixteen months to build.
仅这两座塔就花了16个月才建成。（自译版本：建这两座塔仅用了16个月）
these alone仅仅这些……，作定语修饰名词时一般置于被修饰的名词之后。
Above thesurface of the water, the towers rise to a height of nearly 700 feet.
塔身高出水面将近700英尺。
It has been estimated that if the bridge were packed with cars, it would still only be carrying a third of its total capacity. However, size and strength are not the only important things about this bridge. Despite its immensity, it is both simple and elegant, fulfilling its designer's dream to create 'an enormous object drawn as faintly as possible'.
单词：
estimate动词 /'estɪmeɪt/，名词 /'estɪmət/
vt.估计（…的距离、价值、数目、大小、重量、费用等）；估量；预算:（常用被动语态）（+at sth）
eg. to estimate the cost of a college education估计上大学的费用
vt.判断，评价；估计…的意义(或价值):
eg. He is highly estimated among hiscolleagues. 同事们对他的评价很高。
n.估计，预测；
eg. a rough estimate 粗略的估计
n.判断，评价；
eg. form an estimate of 对...作一评价
n.估价单，投标；
n.（英）预算，预算额；
扩展：
underestimate 低估overestimate 高估
estimated adj.直接加到n.或数据前表示估计……
estimation 判断 in my estimation=in my view=in my opinion
capacity 英/kə'pæsɪtɪ/ 美/kə'pæsəti/n.
容纳能力；吸收力，接受力
容量，容积
（做某事的）能力，才能（for doing sth）（to do sth）
（不可数）生产能力；生产量
at full capacity全力生产/below capacity开工不足
（设备的）功率，马力，容量（of sth）
（建筑、地方、车辆的）可容纳人数,载客量
eg. Toronto hospital maternity wards were filled to capacity.多伦多医院的产房都已住满了。
adj.座无虚席的，满场的，挤满的
eg. a capacity crowd
职位；地位；身份；资格
eg. This article is written in a personal capacity.本文是以个人名义所写
eg. Since 1928, Major Thomas has served the club in many capacities.自1928年以来,托马斯少校担任过该俱乐部的多个职位。
辨析capacity, ability, capability,faculty能力
capacity （做某事的）能力，比 ability 更加正式, 表示具有做某事所必需的特质
eg. their capacity for hard work 他们能吃苦耐劳
eg. his capacity to see the other person's point of view 他理解他人观点的能力
have a capacity for doing something/have acapacity to do
eg. We have a capacity to study English.
ability /ə'bɪləti/ 能力、才干（已经做到了），常用来表示能够做好某事
eg. He had remarkable ability as a musician 他拥有杰出的音乐才华
eg. the ability to bear hardship 承受苦难的能力
eg. We have ability to finish the work intwo days=We manage to finish the work in two days.
capability /keɪpəˈbɪləti/ 潜在的能力，表示能完成的工作量及工作质量
eg. a job that was beyond the capability of one man 个人力所不及的工作
eg. the director's ideas of the capability of the actor 导演对那个演员演技的评价
eg. Every child has capability to study aforeign language.
faculty /'fæklti/ （生来就有的）机能，官能，功能；能力，才能(a special ability/talent to do a particular thing)
eg. She has a faculty for inspiring confidence in people.她具有激发他人信心的能力
eg. Studying has certainly sharpened my critical faculties (= taught me to think carefully about things using my judgment).学习的确增强了我的分析判断能力
elegant 英/'elɪg(ə)nt/ 美/'eliɡənt/
adj. 1、优美的，漂亮的，精致的 2、（举止、仪态等）文雅的，高雅的，优雅的 3、讲究的，有格调的，制作精良的
辨析elegant，graceful优雅
elegant 强调举止大方、得体
graceful 强调体型优美
词组：
pack with 塞进；挤进；塞满了东西；某地方挤满了人
eg. to be packed with people
句式：
it has been estimated that…据估计
...fulfilling its designer's dream ...
fulfilling分词做状语表示结果
eg. The bus was held up by the snowstorm,causing the delay.（hold up阻挡，拦截）
eg. Her husband died in 1970,leaving her withher children.
eg. At last he passed his examination,fulfilling his dream to go abroad.
长难句、语法：
It has been estimated that if the bridge were packed with cars, it would still only be carrying a third of its total capacity.
if引导的非真实条件句：if+主语+v的过去时，主句的主语+情态动词的过去时
if从句中单数主语后的be动词可以使用were或者was，两者在意义上没有区别，但是用were更加显得正式，尤其在表述心存怀疑的事情或者纯粹想象中的事情时更倾向于were。<朗文英语语法P502>
但是在用If I were you（sb）/If I were in your（one's） position提出建议时，不用was
用If it were not for/Were it not for说明为什么某事已经发生或没有发生，后面常接the fact that，即：If it were not for the fact that……
eg. If it weren't for your help, I would still be homeless.若非你的帮助，我仍会无家可归。
eg. Were it not for your help, I would still be homeless.
eg. Were it not for the fact that you helped me, I would be homeless.
If 条件句中的主句中，除了可以使用would外，还可以使用could、might、ought to、should等，表达的含义不同而已：could（能力）、might（可能性）、ought to/should（责任）
其他参见朗文英语语法P500-508；叶永昌P346
精妙翻译：
It is simple and elegant.
它机构简单，造型优美。而不是自译：既简单又优美。
Modern sculpture rarely surprises us any more. The idea that modern art can only be seen in museums is mistaken. Even people who take no interest in art cannot have failed to notice examples of modern sculpture on display in public places. Strange forms stand in gardens, and outside buildings and shops. We have got quite used to them.
单词：
current英/ˈkʌrənt/美 /ˈkəːrənt/
n.（可数n）(河、湖或海的)水流，潮流；气流；电流；思潮;潮流;趋向
adj. 现在的，现行的
electric/air/water current电/气/水流
current affairs时事
cur-跑：occur发生；occurrence事件，发生；recur在发生，重现；incur招致；currency货币
sculpture / ˈskʌlptʃə(r)/n. （可变n）雕刻（术），塑像， 雕刻品， 刻纹；雕刻艺术（不可数）
Eg. urban sculpture 城市雕塑 立于城市公共场所中的雕塑作品.
adj.sculptural
词组：
rarely… any more几乎再也不，几乎再没有
常用于口语，书面语中no more更常见
rarely否定意义的副词，本身已是否定意义，所以后面是any more，而no more（不再）用于肯定结构
Eg. Lost time won't come back any more. 失去的时间将一去不复返。
Eg. The great ship, Titanic, rapidly sank and was seen no more. 巨轮“泰坦尼克号”很快沉没，再也见不到了。
take no interest in 对...不感兴趣
take 与 interest 之间可根据语义需要使用适当的表示程度的形容词条短语，如 little / a little /more /a great deal /much / great / considerable 等等以修饰 interest
Eg. Most of the students in Class 4 take little interest in physics.4班的多数学生对物理没多大兴趣。
Eg. She really takes great interest in such things.她的确对这类事情很感兴趣。
句式：
the idea that…is mistaken/right
cannot have failed to notice不至于没注意到
表示对过去的事情所做的不肯定的推测
be used to doing sth/sth习惯于，适用于，熟悉做某事
to 为名词+名词、名词性从句、动名词形式
be accustomed to=be used to，口语中更常用be used to
be也可以是become/get/grow等动词，get used to doing sth等
Eg. They have got used to such things.他对这种事已司空见惯了。
Eg. He has got quite used to what people say about him.他已对人们对他的议论习以为常。
Eg. She has got used to being treated like that.她已习惯人们那样对待她。
used to do过去常……（过去做现在不做）
不常用于否定结构，口语中可以说didn't used to do，也可用never used to或used not to（太正式）
疑问句中可以用助动词did
Did you use to play with your brother?你过去常和你的兄弟们一起玩儿吗？
疑问词为what等，不用did
eg. What used to annoy you most about him？他过去什么行为令你最讨厌？
长难句、语法：
Strange forms stand in gardens, and outside buildings and shops.
in与outside并列
building与shops并列
精妙翻译：
We have got quite used to them.对此，我们已经司空见惯了。
Some so-called 'modern' pieces have been on display for nearly eighty years. In spite of this, some people -- including myself -- were surprised by a recent exhibition of modern sculpture. The first thing I saw when I entered the art gallery was a notice which said: 'Do not touch the exhibits. Some of them are dangerous!' The objects on display were pieces of moving sculpture.
单词：
piece可数n. （formal）（一件）艺术品
本文中pieces，examples，exhibits，forms多处替换。
exhibition（BrE）（一批）展览品；展览会，展出（NAmE）exhibit（一件）展览品，陈列品；（法庭上出示的）物证，证据
词组：
so-called所谓的
句式：
be on display for+时间 陈列了多久
be on exhibition/exhibit
in spite of this，…尽管如此，……
The first thing I saw when I entered somewhere was a notice which said…走进某地首先看到的是一张告示，上面写着……
长难句、语法：
some people -- including myself -- were surprised by a recent exhibition of modern sculpture
including myself现在进行时做伴随状语
破折号内，伴随状语不是主句的主要成分，起到解释和补充说明的作用，使句子语义更加丰富。完全去掉不会影响句子结构。
