Week 10

DAY46

L12-2:Life on a desert island

Life on a desert island is wretched. You either starve to death or live like Robinson Crusoe, Waiting for a boat which never comes. Perhaps there is an element of truth in both these pictures, but few us have had the opportunity to find out. Two men who recently spent five days on a coral island wished they had stayed there longer. They were taking a badly damaged boat from the Virgin Islands to Miami to have it repaired.

知识点：

单词：

wretched

• adj / 'retʃɪd/ someone who is wretched is very unhappy or ill, and you feel sorry for them 极不愉快的；病得很重的；极不幸的 eg. the poor, wretched girl 极其不幸的可怜姑娘

• if you feel wretched, you feel guilty and unhappy because of something bad that you have done （由于做了不好的事）感到愧疚的，难过的 eg. Guy felt wretched about it now. 现在盖伊对那件事觉得很愧疚。

• [only before noun 仅用于名词前] making you feel annoyed or angry 令人恼怒的；使人愤怒的 eg. Where is that wretched boy? 那个可恶的男孩在哪里？

• extremely bad or unpleasant literary 恶劣的；糟糕的 【文】 SYN miserable eg. I was shocked to see their wretched living conditions. 看到他们恶劣的生活条件我很震惊。

辨析miserable, dismal, sorry, unhappy, wretched可怜，不幸

miserable：身体、精神或环境导致造成巨大的痛苦或不幸；或描述没有价值或品质低劣

dismal：缺乏愉悦和欣喜，描述因某事引起的抑郁、沮丧的感觉；描述某事较差时，暗含灾难、灾祸之意

eg. a dismal day, with threatening clouds hanging in the sky

sorry与unhappy指心理上不高兴。

sorry含悲伤的含义，或大或小，由失去、受伤、不幸等状态下产生。可以自感而发或由别人引发，常含后悔之意，遗憾、惋惜、同情、悲哀。

unhappy如果只是用来描述不幸的话比sorry要弱，sorry更常见，但unhappy可以描述更持久的不满，可以含不符合、不恰当之意。 eg. a profoundly unhappy man with no friends and no interests other than his work. eg. an unhappy choice of words

sorry则更含遗憾、嘲笑、担心等含义。 eg. The world is certainly in a sorry state.

wretched：在描述心理状态时，语气比sorry和unhappy更强；但在描述个人不幸和身体不适时可以与miserable互换；在描述品质、能力和绩效时，要形容无价值或不合要求时语气比miserable更强。

starve/sta:v/

v挨饿；饿死；使极其缺乏（迫切需要）

• be starving

• starve to death

• starve sb/sth of sth(常用被动形式，NAmE也用for)

  • Eg. When's food? I'm starving! 饭什么时候好？我快饿死了！

• →starvation

辨析starvation，hunger，famine饿

starvation语气比hunger大得多，指长期缺乏食物造成的痛苦，常导致死亡，侧重指人为灾难导致

hunger普通用词，饿了，人需要食物的一种正常生理现象

famine/fæmin/饥荒，天灾人祸引起的大规模饥荒，许多人死亡，可做引申指严重缺乏某种物资或人力。

element/'elimənt/

n.成分；要素；些许；元素；天气

• an element of少量的，有一点点（书面）

• the periodic table of the elements化学元素周期表

• →compound化合物

• the elements大自然的力量，风雨等的力量

  • Eg. to be exposed to the elements 经受风吹雨打

• elementary school（NAmE）小学=primary school（BrE）

词组：

starve to death 饿死

live like 像...一样活着

句式：

There is an element of truth in sth

• sth有一点点道理

  有一点点危险an element of risk/surprise/doubt

have the opportunity to do sth有机会做某事

• have the opportunity for (doing)sth/of doing sth

• there’s a possibility of doing sth

• 注意区分opportunity（一般的机会，或对自己有利的机会）与possibility（可能性）

  • opportunity常与have连用，后接to do sth或of doing sth

  • possibility不用动词不定式，常与there is连用，后接of doing sth或that同位语从句

You either starve to death or live like Robinson Crusoe, waiting for a boat which never comes.

• either ... or ... 要么...要么... , waiting for 做状语

长难句、语法：

Two men who recently spent five days on a coral island wished they had stayed there longer.

• who 引导定语从句，修饰men；

• wish+宾从，宾从常用虚拟语气：表示难以实现的愿望或与事实相违背的情况（表达真实愿望要用hope that…will）

  • wish：尚有可能发生的事

  • if only：常表示渴望或惋惜，强调所希望的状况并不存在

  • it’s （high）time/it’s about time：未来的愿望或因果就不采取行动而感到不耐烦

  • 时态：以上所有虚拟语气都要后推一个时态：

  • 过去时表现在（be用were）；过去完成时表示过去；would（愿望）和could（能够or主语I和we）表示一般愿望或未来

    《朗文语法P404》

精妙翻译：

You either starve to death or live like Robinson Crusoe, waiting for a boat which never comes.

• 要么饿死，要么像鲁滨逊那样，天天盼船来，却总不见船影。（waiting for a boat which never comes 直译为等着永不会来的船，没有译文中，“天天盼船来，却总不见船影”生动形象）

Perhaps there is an element of truth in both these pictures, but few of us have the opportunity to find out.

• 也许，这两种想象都有可信之处。但很少有人能有机会去弄个究竟。（an element of truth 固定搭配，有一点点真相，译为可信之处，巧妙；find out 译为去弄个究竟，更符合中国人的表达习惯。）

DAY47

L12-3:Life on a desert island

During the journey, their boat began to sink. They quickly loaded a small rubber dinghy with food, matches, and cans of beer and rowed for a few miles across the Caribbean until they arrived at a tiny coral island. There were hardly any trees on the island and there was no water, but this did not prove to be a problem. The men collected rainwater in the rubber dinghy.

知识点：

单词：

rubber/ 'rʌbə/

橡胶；合成橡胶 橡皮擦；黑板擦（NAmE）eraser（BrE） 避孕套（非正式）

dinghy/ 'dɪŋɡi/ n. ( pl→dinghies )

注意发音，h不发音，ghy组合发gi (玩乐用的)小游艇；(载人往返于大船与岸边的)小艇

• dingy/ˈdindʒi /adj. 又黑又脏的，昏暗的，肮脏的

match/mætʃ/n.火柴

put a match to sth点燃sth

词组：

rubber dinghy 橡皮艇

cans of / a can of 罐装

load sth (up)with sth装上、装入……

Eg: She loaded up the car with camping gear. 她把露营设备放进车里。 load

• vt&vi装载货物、照相机装胶卷、枪支上膛

  • load sth/sb down （with sth） 给……加以重负

    • Eg. She was loading down with bags of groceries. 她提着很多装着食品杂货的袋子。

  • load sth/sb into/onto sth

    • Eg. Emma loaded all the groceries into the car. 埃玛把所有的食品杂货放进车里。

    • He loaded the cups onto a tray. 他把杯子放到托盘上。

  • load sb with sth大量给予（尤指得携带的东西）

  • 使……承受、承载sb be loaded with honors 载誉

• n.

  • a load (of sth) 【英】【非正式】 很多，大量（某物）

    • Eg. We got a load of complaints about the loud music. 很多人向我们投诉音乐太响。

    • Eg. a bus load/car load/truck load etc满满一公共汽车/一汽车/一卡车等

    • Eg. a bus load of tourists 满满一车游客

  • get a load of sb/sth

  • spoken used to tell someone to look at or listen to something that is surprising or funny

    【口】 看（听）某人/某事（用于叫人注意令人惊奇或好笑的事）

    • Eg. Get a load of this! Your stars say you are going to meet someone who’s rich. 看看这个！你的星座运程说你会遇上一个有钱人呢。

• 扩展→Unload（vi.卸货, 退子弹 vt.倾销, 卸）；Download 下载；Upload 上传

长难句、语法：

They quickly loaded a small rubber dinghy with food , matches and cans of beer and rowed for a few miles across the Caribbean until they arrived at a tiny coral island.

• and 连接两个并列句，until 在and 后的并列句中引导时间状语从句。

until/till

• till常口语，until口语书面均可，从句中用一般现在表将来

• 由于until/till是表达延续时间概念的连/介词，故当谓语为短暂时间动词时，要用否定形式表达肯定内容

• 用于肯定句，谓语持续性动词，“持续性动作到……（时）为止”，即一到until从句表示的这个时间，主句动作将停止，主句动作是已经做出的动作，不可以表达未作出的动作，若想表达，用by代替until。

  • eg. I must be here until 4 o’clock.

  • You must be back by 4 o’clock.

  • eg.Can you repair the radio until next Monday？下星期一之前你能修好我的收音机吗？

  • Can you repair the radio by next Monday？（by表示时间下限）

• 用于否定句，谓语才可为短暂性动词，“直到……时才……”，即一到until从句表示的这个时间，动作由否定变为肯定，即主句动作才发生，主句的动作一定是未到时间未作出的动作，而不可以表达已经做出的动作，若想表达，用before代替until。

  • eg. She hadn’t been waiting long until he returned.她没等多久他就回来了。

  • She hadn’t been waiting long before he returned.

精妙翻译：

They quickly loaded a small rubber dinghy with food , matches and cans of beer and rowed for a few miles across the Caribbean until they arrived at a tiny coral island.

• 他们迅速把食物，火柴，罐装啤酒往一只救生筏上装。然后在加勒比海上划行了几英里，到了一座小珊瑚岛上。（将一个长句子分成三个小句子翻译，简单整洁，通俗易懂。注意until处的灵活翻译）

DAY46

L12-2:Life on a desert island

As they had brought a spear gun with them, they had plenty to eat. They caught lobster and fish every day，and, as one of them put it 'ate like kings'. When a passing tanker rescued them five days later, both men were genuinely sorry that they had to leave.

知识点：

单词：

spear/spɪə/

• n.矛；标枪；嫩茎

  • spear head 矛头

  • fish spear鱼叉

  • spearhead（单数）先锋；先头部队

• vt.意思是“用叉子叉、用矛刺”

  • Eg. to spear a piece of fish with a fork 用叉子叉起一块鱼肉

  • Eg. A police officer was speared to death.一名警官被刺死了。

lobster英 /ˈlɒbstə/美/ ˈlɑ:bstə(r) / n.龙虾

• 美国俚语You are my lobster的含义：你是我的最爱。

  (因为年纪很大的龙虾还是会爪牵爪在海底散步的。于是，龙虾就成了坚贞不渝的爱情的代名词。)

  • Eg. “You are my lobster, I love you more than cheese.” （英剧《皮囊》）你是我最爱的人，我爱你超过爱奶酪。

    • Cheese — a metaphor (隐喻) for what we want to have in life，whether it is a job, a relationship, or money.

  • Eg. “He is her lobster.”菲比形容Ross和Rachel的关系.(美剧《老友记》第四季21集）

genuinely /'dʒenjuinli/ adv.由衷地

Eg. He is genuinely thankful to me.他由衷地地感谢我。

Genuine adj. 真实的, 真正的, 诚恳的

辨析：actual，authentic，factual，genuine，real，ture真的 Actual: 指事物的实际存在，并非出自主观臆造。(实际存在的，如知识、行为、价值)。 eg.The actual value of labor in capitalist society does not represent the real value of labor. All actual objects are concrete.

Authentic: 指与事实完全相符，强调准确可靠;真的；地地道道的，原汁原味的（有正式证据或文件表明）。 eg.The geologists declared the fragment to be an authentic specimen of a rare fossil.

Factual:事实的（依据事实）。 eg.The report gave a factual account of the accident.

Genuine: 普通常用词，指真正的，货真价实的，强调非人为或非虚假的；真心的。 eg.The watch is a genuine Swiss make. He showed genuine sorrow at the death of his wife.

Real:真实的（表实际存在的，如实情、实物）。 eg. This jacket is made of real leather. This is a real experience, not a dream. This is a real pearl, not an imitation.

True: 指同实际情况或标准完全一致，（指语言、故事、品质等和实际情况相符）口语中多用。 eg.He is a true communist. It is a true story.

Genuineness /'dʒɛnjʊɪnnɪs/ n. 真实，真正；真诚，真挚

词组：

Eat like kings / Eat like a king吃的丰盛，吃的好

• eat like beggars

  • eg. Eat like a king in the morning, a prince at noon, and a peasant at night.汉语里类似表达“早餐吃的像皇帝,午餐吃的像平民,晚饭吃的像乞丐”

• Eat like a horse 通常指吃得多，饭量如牛

  • eg. If he keeps eating like a horse, sooner or later he’s gonna empty our refrigerator.

  • He ate like a horse and slept like a log. 他吃起饭来总也没个够，睡起觉来雷都打不醒。

• Eat like a bird 饭量小

句式：

as sb put(s) it 正如sb所说的

常用于转述别人讲过的话，put：说，表达

• eg. Let me put it in another way. 让我用另一种方式表达。

• 如果说话人已经说过了，用put(过去时)

be sorry that…

参考课后题：both men were genuinely sorry that they had to leave. 可等同于Both men genuinely regretted having to leave.

• Regret doing sth 表示对做过的事遗憾、后悔

• Be sorry about/for (doing)sth

  • full of shame and regret (esp about a past action)惭愧，懊悔，表示歉意

    • Eg. I’m sorry for making such a fuss. 我这样大惊小怪的，真是不好意思。

• Feel sorry for sb

  • (=①feel sympathy for sb)同情某人

    • Eg. I feel sorry for anyone who has to drive in this sort of weather.我很同情在这种天气还得开车的人。

  • (=②feel pity for sb)怜悯某人，觉得可悲

    • Eg. if he doesn’t realize the consequence of his actions, I’m sorry for him. 倘若他意识不到他行为的后果，那我就觉得他很可悲了。

长难句、语法：

As they had brought a spear gun with them, they had plenty to eat.

• 该句中，as是作为连词来使用，引导原因状语从句，通常置于句首。含义为“因为，由于”。

When a passing tanker rescued them five days later, both men were genuinely sorry that they had to leave.

• be sorry that表示后悔遗憾做某事，that引导原因状语从句，说明产生sorry的原因，类似表达个人对事件做出反应的adj后都可以用that表示原因。

They caught lobster and fish every day，and，as one of them put it 'ate like kings'.

• 成分分析→caught和ate是并列谓语；as one of them put it 插入语结构,把其放到最后即容易理解：

  They caught lobster and fish every day and "ate like kings"（并列谓语）, as one of them put it. （插入语结构）

精妙翻译：

As they had brought a spear gun with them, they had plenty to eat.

• 由于他们随身带了一支捕鱼枪，因此，吃饭不愁。（野生译法：由于他们带了捕鱼枪，所以他们有足够的吃的。）

• 原文翻译中“随身”译出了with them这一概念。They had plenty to eat.意译为“吃饭不愁”， 更符合汉语的语言习惯。整体言简意赅，却不遗漏任何细节。

When a passing tanker rescued them five days later, both men were genuinely sorry that they had to leave.

• 5天后，一条油轮从那儿路过，搭救了他们。这二位不得不离开那个荒岛时，还真的感到遗憾呢！

• 注意“a passing tanker”的译法，非“一条经过的油轮”，而是“一条油轮经过时”。是英语翻译中的词类转换。英语和汉语比较起来，汉语中动词用得比较多，这是一个特点，往往在英语句子中只用一个谓语动词，而在汉语中却可以几个动词或动词性结构连用。因此，英语中不少词类(尤其是名词、介词、形容词和副词)在汉译时往往可以转译成动词。正如文中的passing,含有动作意味的名词(或动名词)往往可以转译成动词。

DAY49

L13-1："It's only me”

After her husband had gone to work, Mrs. Richards sent her children to school and went upstairs to her bedroom. She was too excited to do any housework that morning, for in the evening she would be going to a fancy-dress party with her husband. She intended to dress up as a ghost and as she had made her costume the night before, she was impatient to try it on.

单词：

intend /ɪnˈtend/

• 打算 计划……

  • Eg. He intended to come to our house yesterday.他昨天想来我家。

  • Eg. He had really intended staying longer.他确实曾打算多呆一段时间。

• 指望，打算使...成为

  • Eg. The fund is intended for emergency use.这笔基金专供应急之用。

  • Eg. Everything they do and say is intended to promote sales.他们所估和所说的一切都是为了促销。

• 意指

  • Eg. What do you intend by saying so?你说此话什么意思？

  • Eg. I do not think he intended any harm.我并不认为他有什么恶意。

• intended to have done本打算（虚拟语气）

fancy

• adj复杂的，花巧的；昂贵的，奢华的

• vt. fancy doing sth(主英)想要，喜欢，认为

  • Eg. Fancy meeting so many friends here！

• fancy sb爱慕sb，对某人着迷

• have a fancy for sth

ghost/gəʊst/ n. 鬼，幽灵; （尤指可怕事物的）记忆; 隐约的一点点; （电视屏幕上的）重影;

• give up the ghost 死亡

• look as if you have seen a ghost 看上去面无人色，惶恐不已

• not stand the ghost of a chance根本没有机会

辨析soul, ghost, spirit

soul 指超越身体之外，永远存在的无形的东西，即所谓灵魂，亦可作人解。

ghost 普通用词，主要指死者的灵魂。

spirit 当指与body相对而言的所谓灵魂时，可与soul互换使用，但强调人的精神素质，也指神仙、精灵等

costume /ˈkɒstju:m/ 戏装，演出服; 服装，衣服

Eg. The actors were still in costume and make-up. 这些演员仍是戏装打扮。

• n.化妆服（尤指派队或者娱乐活动中穿的）

  与生活服装对应：戏服，化妆服，民族服装

  • Eg. fancy-dress costume

词组：

fancy dress party 化妆舞会

dress up as 装扮成（for fun）

• disguise oneself as 伪装成（诈骗）

put on/try on/wear穿衣

try on试穿，可用进行时

• eg. She’s trying on a new hat.她正在试一顶新帽子。

have on表示状态，或者动作意味不强的持续性，不可用进行时

• eg. They had their best suits on for the celebration. 他们穿着节日盛装去参加庆祝活动。

put on动作意味很强，多用于祈使句，一般不用于进行时

the night before头天晚上

• the night before last前天晚上

• the night after next后天晚上

• the night after转天晚上

• 3 days after today大后天

句式：

too...to do

• 太...以致不能

  • eg. The boy is too weak to lift the heavy box．这男孩太虚弱，举不起那个重箱子。

• 当too…to…跟少数形容词（如ready，glad，pleased，apt，willing，inclined，eager， easy，satisfied等）搭配时，不定式无否定意义。

  • eg. He is too ready to promise．他轻于许诺。

  • eg. Beginners are too apt to make mistakes．初学者极易出错。

• 需要注意的是，too…to…的否定形式not too…to…的意思是"不是太……而不能"。

  • eg. He is not too young to dress himself．他不是小得连衣服都不会穿。

be impatient to try it on

• 急于想试试

DAY50

L13-2："It's only me”

Though the costume consisted only of a sheet, it was very effective. After putting it on, Mrs. Richards went downstairs. She wanted to find out whether it would be comfortable to wear. Justas Mrs. Richards was entering the dining room, there was a knock on the front door. She knew that it must be the baker.

知识点：

单词：

consist/kənˈsist/vi.不及物，无宾语，必须有介词of，不可用于进行时、被动时等

• consist of sth

  • to be formed from the things or people mentioned由…组成(或构成)

    • eg. The committee consists of two members. 委员会由十人组成。

• 区别consist in sth (formal)

  • to have sth as the main or only part or feature存在于；在于=lie in

    本质在于

    • eg. The beauty of the city consists in its magnificent buildings. 这座城市的美就在于它那些宏伟的建筑。

辨析consist，compose，comprise，constitute

consist of/be made up of compose 组成，vt，常用于被动语态

• 整体be composed of 部分

• 其他：谱曲，创作，构图，镇静

comprise/kəmˈpraiz/ （formal）

• 整体comprise部分，由……组成

• 部分comprise整体，构成

• 一般用主动多，被动非常少见，用词考究的人认为be comprised of是错误的

make up/constitute（formal）构成 constitute/ˈkɔnstitjuːt/ 构成，特别强调组成的东西是单元，部分

• 部分constitute整体

make up/constitute（formal）构成 constitute/ˈkɔnstitjuːt/ 构成，特别强调组成的东西是单元，部分 部分constitute整体

effective/iˈfektiv/

• producing the result that is wanted or intended; producing a successful result

  产生预期结果的；有效的

• [only before noun] in reality, although not officially intended

  实际的；事实上的

• (formal) (of laws and rules 法律和规则) coming into use

  生效的；起作用的

sheet/ʃiːt/

• 床单；被单

• 一张(通常指标准尺寸的纸)

• 薄片,薄板(多指正方形或长方形的):a sheet of

• 一大片(覆盖物):

• 一大片,一大堆,一大摊(移动的东西)

• (as) white as a sheet：(of a person) very pale, especially from shock

• a clear sheet无过错记录，过往清白

词组：

consist of

put on

穿上, 把...放在上, 装出, 假装, 增加（体重）, 欺骗, 添上, 使靠...维持生命

句式：Just as Mrs. Richards was entering the dining room,…

Just as… 正当……的时候

长难句、语法：

Though the costume consisted only of a sheet, it was very effective.

• only的位置，修饰主语放在主语之前

• only修饰其他部分时，可放置于动词之前，可以修饰主语外其他任何成分，可以使句子包含多重含义，口语中用语调或在书面语中根据上下文推断来区分重点强调部分，或者直接把only放在要强调的词之前进行精确表达。

She knew that it must be the baker.

• must表示肯定的推论

• 若是疑问或否定推论中要用can，can’t

精妙翻译：

Though the costume consisted only of a sheet, it was very effective.

• 尽管化妆服仅由一个被单制成，却十分逼真。