Week 22

DAY106

L26-1: Wanted: a large biscuit tin

No one can avoid being influenced by advertisements. Much as we may pride ourselves on our good taste, we are no longer free to choose the things we want, for advertising exerts a subtle influence on us. In their efforts to persuade us to buy this or that product, advertisers have made a close study of human nature and have classified all our little weaknesses.

单词：

influence

n.1.影响力，影响(抽象) power to make people behave or think without using direct force or commands

以下4个短语都表示: 产生，施加影响力

• have influence on sth.

• exercise influence on sth.此处exercise 的意思是"施加"

• exert influence on sth.

• work influence on sb.

施加影响力，是抽象名词。在它前面加形容词时，就成了特殊的某种"影响力"，就是可数名词，前面要加不定冠词"a, an"

eg. Advertisement exert a subtle influence on us.

广告对我们每个人都产生了微妙的影响。

• 短语: under the influence of (controlled by, affected by)

eg. All of the staff are working hard and efficiently under the influence of the menace(威胁) of dismissal(裁员).

所有的员工受到被裁员的威胁的影响，个个工作，都很勤奋和高效。

• 短语: under the influence of liquor(字面意思，受到了酒精的影响)

a humorous way to mean drunk 喝醉了

2.influence v. 对...产生影响

常用短语: to influence sb. to do sth.

• eg. His admiration towards his father influence the boy to follow his father's step.

  他对父亲的崇敬使他步其父亲的后尘。

辨析 affect, effect

affect v.指客观内容的影响(多为坏影响)

• eg. We were all deeply affected by the news of her death.

  她的死讯影响了所有人的情绪。

• eg. Heavy smoking affects his health.

  吸烟多影响了他的健康。

effect 作名词时，有"影响"的意思，

常用短语: to have an effect on

• eg. Inflation has a disastrous effect on economy.

  通货膨胀对经济有着灾难性的影响。

effect 作动词时，(正式) 实现 (formal) to make sth. happen

• eg. The fast-talking dealer effect his result.

  这个巧舌如簧的商贩，实现了他想预期的结果。

• eg. The girl's tears effected her desired doll.

  小女孩的眼泪，让她得到了渴望的洋娃娃。

taste n.

1.味道

the strong taste of coffee 很浓烈的咖啡味道

a funny taste of sour milk 酸牛奶的股怪味 funny adj.有“古怪的”意思

2.鉴赏力

have good taste in sth.好品味

have bad taste in sth. 差品味

have no taste in sth.没品味

补充:

have an ear for music 对音乐有鉴赏力

have an eye for arts 对艺术有鉴赏力

3.（尝）一口

have a taste of this soup 尝口汤

have a bite of the pie 尝口派

a taste of fame success 品尝到扬名/成功的滋味

exert v.施加，施行

exert pressure on sb. 对...施加压力

exert control on sb. 对...施加控制

exert influence on sb.对...施加影响力

eg. His wife exerted a lot of pressure on him to change his present job.

他太太对他施加压力，让他换掉目前的工作。

eg. Freud exerts a profound infludence on psychoanalysis(心理分析).

弗洛伊德对心理分析有着极其深远影响。

补充：

• exert oneself to do

(to make a strong physical or mental effort)努力去做（耗费大量体力与精力）

同义短语：

make an effort to do sth. 努力去做

try one's best to do sth. 尽某人最大努力做

exert every effort to do sht. 用尽每一丝气力（精力）去做

spare（省下来）no effort 不遗余力

eg. The tradesman exerted all his strength to persuade me to buy this goods.

这个商人使出浑身解数要我买他的货品。

• exertion n. (体力或脑力)努力，用力

combine exertion and rest 劳逸结合

subtle adj.

1.not easy to notice or understand unless you pay full attention 微妙的，难以捉摸的

subtle distinctions 微小的差别

2.clever esp. in order to deceive people

a subtle mind 敏锐的头脑

a subtle plan 巧妙的计划

a subtle design 巧妙的设计

辨析delicate, abstract, abstruse

• delicate (requiring careful treatment or likely to go wrong at any moment)

微妙的，敏感的（需要小心谨慎对待的）

a delicate relationship 一种微妙的关系

a delicate affair 一个微妙的事件

a delicate position 一种微妙的地位

a delicate subject 一个微妙的话题

delicate instrument 灵敏的仪器

• abstract adj. 抽象

eg. Beauty is an abstract concept. 美是个抽象的概念。

反义词：concrete

concrete proposals 具体的计划

• abstruse adj. 英 /əbˈstru:s/ 美 /æbˈstrus, əb-/

difficult to understand in a way that seems unnecessarily complicated 本不必要的，难懂深奥的

abstrucse theory 深奥的理论

advertise v.做广告

招聘广告 advertise for

eg. Advertise for a new sales manager.招聘一个新的销售经理。

• advertise sth. 为...做广告，等广告

eg. Advertise a second-hand car for sale.登了旧车出售的广告。

• place/insert/put an advertisement for sth.on TV(in a newspaper)

在电视上（报纸上）刊登广告

• advertising agency 广告公司（代理商）

• ad.（缩写）

• want ads.招聘广告

eg. If you want to find a job, you may as well study the want ads.

如果你想找份工作，不妨看一下招聘广告。

• Man Friday 来源于《鲁滨逊漂流记》

eg. Man Friday is wanted in office.

要找一个办公室打杂的。

• advertiser n.做广告的人

eg. People watching television are captive（原意：被捕获的。这里“非自愿的”）audience for advertisers.

对于做广告的人来说，看电视的人群是非自愿的听众。

classify v.把...分类，归类

• classify sth.as

eg. Pumas are classified as cat-like animals.

美洲狮属猫科动物。

辨析group, categorize, sort, assort, fall into, label sth. ...as

• group n.小组； v.分成若干种类

• categorize v.分类

eg. As Winston Churchill put it:"People are categorized into two groups--for one, work is

work, pleasure is pleasure; but for the other, work and pleasure are one.

正像丘吉尔所说的：“人分成两大类，其中一类人而言工作只是工作，兴趣才是兴趣；但对另一类而言，

工作二合为一的。”

第12课里的短语，正如两个人所说的那样，as sb.put it

• sort n.类别；v. arrange things according to characteristics.分类（有分类并排列的含义）

sort mail 分拣邮件

• assort v.分类

有时在动词前面再加“a”，并不改变单词原来含义，对动词起更加强调的作用。

assorted sizes 各式各样，大大小小

• fall into category 属于...类别

fall into group 属于...类别

fall into 有属于，归类的意思

eg. Pandas as well as pumas fall into the same category.

熊猫与美洲狮同属一类

• lable v.分类（贴标签的分类）

lable sth....as 分类（贴标签）；扣上...的帽子，被冠以...头衔

eg.The poor man was labeled as a troublemaker.

这个可怜的人被冠以“制造麻烦的人”头衔。

weakness懦弱，弱点，弱势，薄弱环节

eg. To varying degrees, all of us have some little weakness.

在不同程度上，我们都有缺点。

weak point 弱点

strong point强项

辨析defect, drawback, imperfection

• defect n.缺陷，过失

• drawback n.困难，不利

eg. No love can be gained without drawbacks.

没有不经历困难而得到的爱情。

• imperfection n.瑕疵， 缺点，不足

eg.There goes a famous saying:there is no rose without a thorn.

有句名言：没有不带刺的玫瑰（人无完人）。

词组

in one's effort to do sth. 努力去做某事

eg. In our efforts to obtain, the true value of life reveals itself that it lies in what you give, not in what you get.

在我们努力索取的过程中，生命的真正意义越来越清晰，它的本质就在于你付出的而不在于你所拥有的。

lie in 本质就在于

this and that product 各种各样的产品

长难句、语法：

No one can avoid being influenced by advertisements.

语法：双重否定表示肯定。第一个否定“no one”，第二个否定“avoid”（没有人能避免）

仿照造句：

eg. No one can avoid being influenced by English in such a competitive society.

在一个竞争如此激烈的现代社会，没有任何人能避免英语对我们的影响。

eg. No Chinese can avoid being influenced by the impact brought about by the transition from planned economy to market economy.

中国从计划经济向市场经济转型过程的冲击力，没有任何人能避免它对我们的影响。

Much as we may pride ourselves on our good taste...

语法：as 引导让步状语需要倒装，准确的说，是把需要强调的词提到as的前面。

eg. Much as he smoke, Peter never coughs.尽管他吸烟，可彼得从来没咳嗽。

1.adj.+as 引起的倒装

eg. Poor as she is, Mary never feels downcast.

尽管贫穷，但玛丽从没有感到意志消沉。

2.v.+as在句首，也要倒装。一定要还原动词的原型，助动词放主语后面（这点和强调句的倒装就很不同）

eg. Try as he may, he will never succeed.

尽管他可能尝试，可他永远不会成功。

try提前，助动词 may在he后面。这句也可以改写为：

Try as he does, he will never succeed.

3.n./pron.+as 引导让步状语从句。无论名词什么状态，都要恢复到单数状态。

eg. Fool as he looks like, he is always right.

他看上去像个草包，可他总是对的。

he looks like a fool倒装后，a就没有了。

补充：be动词原形置于句首，也会引起倒装。

eg. Be king or slave, he shall be punished.

王子犯法与庶民同罪。

精妙翻译

1.Much as we may pride ourselves on our good taste, we are no longer free to choose the things we want, for advertising exerts a subtle influence on us.

尽管我们可以自夸自己的鉴赏力如何敏锐，但我们无法独立地选购自己所需要的东西了。这是因为广告在我们身上施加着一种潜移默化的影响。

分析：

a.这里几乎就是可以顺着英文的顺序，来进行翻译。“much as“引导的让步状语从句，“虽然…但”要翻译出来。逗号+for这里就是解释原因的，所以可以翻译为“因为/这是因为”

b.good taste 这里翻译为“鉴赏力如何敏锐”，而不是字面意思“好的品味”。里面的巧妙，只能背下来，记着了。

c.a subtle influence on 我们在讲单词的时候，都会解释这个短语为，一种微妙的影响。而课文里是“潜移默化的影响”，感觉就把怎么微妙都解释出来了。

2.In their efforts to persuade us to buy this or that product, advertisers have made a close study of human nature and have classified all our little weaknesses.

做广告的人在力图劝说我们买下这种产品或那种产品之前，已经仔细地研究了人的本性，并把人的弱点进行了分类。

分析：这个句子的中文里有个“…之前”，我们并没有看到before之类的词。我觉得它就是用后句子的现在完成时，表达“已经…”，这样前面一句加了“…之前”就挺自然的。

DAY107

L26-2: Wanted: a large biscuit tin

Advertisers discovered years ago that all of us love to get something for nothing. An advertisement which begins with the magic word FREE can rarely go wrong. These days, advertisers not only offer free samples but free cars, free houses, and free trips round the world as well. They devise hundreds of competitions which will enable us to win huge sums of money.

单词：

advertiser　/'ædvətaɪzə(r)/

1someone whose business is advertising 做广告的人

discover /dɪˈskʌvə(r)/

1发现（人才），找到，有所发现，找出;发觉

• 用作动词 (v.)用作及物动词

S+～+ n./pron.

eg. He was dead for three weeks before anyone discovered him.

他死了三个星期才被人发现。

eg. As soon as he discovered the police, he ran away.

他一见有警察就立即跑掉了。

• 用作宾补动词

S+～+ n./pron. +to be n./adj.

eg. We discovered her to be a good cook.

我们发现她是一个很好的厨师。

eg. They discovered her to be a good singer.

他们发现她是个好歌手。

S+～+ n./pron. +(to be) prep. -phrase

eg. When returning back, he discovered the room to be in disorder.

回家后,他发现屋子里乱七八糟。

eg. She discovered the cat under the table.

她发现那只猫在桌子下。

S+～+ n./pron. + v -ing

eg. We discovered them sitting round a fire and talking.

我们发现他们围着火坐着在谈话。

eg. An old man discovered the boy stealing the pens.

一位老人发现那男孩在偷钢笔。

S+～+ n./pron. +to- v

eg. We discovered the powder to consist of harmful ingredients.

我们发现这种粉末含有害成分。

eg. The policemen discovered the murderer to have run away.

警察发现凶手已逃之夭夭。

辨析discover, find, find out, invent, look for

这组词(组)都有“发明”“发现”的意思。

• discover指发现或偶然发现原来就存在但一直未被认识的东西;

eg. Whilhelm Roentgen discovered X rays.威尔海尔姆·伦琴发现了X射线。

• look for作“寻找”解时,指寻找的动作和过程;

• find指寻找的结果,即“找到”,是非延续性动词,不如discover正式;

eg. He was amazed to find her there.发现她在那里,他很吃惊。

• find out指经过观察、调查把某事、某物查出来,搞清楚,弄明白,多用于复杂而不易直接查出的情况;

eg. Let's try and find out what's at the back of this problems.咱们想法弄清问题的背景是怎样的。

• invent指发明原来不存在的东西,有时也可指虚构、捏造。例如:

eg. Whatt invented the steam engine.瓦特发明了蒸汽机。

eg. She ran across some old letters when she was looking for something else.她找别的东西时,偶然翻出几封过去的信。

辨析discover, uncover

这两个词都是由cover加表示否定意义的前缀构成的,都是“发现”的意思。其区别是：

uncover只用于贬义,一般译作“揭露”。另外, discover还可接复合宾语,而uncover不可。

eg. We uncovered the essence of the thing.我们揭露了那件事的本质。

rarely /ˈreəli/

rarely是副词,意思是“很少地”“极少地”,在句中用作状语修饰谓语动词,起强调作用,用于句首时须采用倒装语序。

用作副词 (adv.)

eg. She rarely went anywhere except to her office.

她除了去办公室以外,很少去别的地方。

eg. Rarely did I meet Mr. Eldon.

我很少遇到埃尔登先生。

eg. I rarely make spelling mistakes in my composition.

我很少在作文中犯拼写错误。

magic /ˈmædʒɪk/

n. (名词)魔术，戏法，巫术，魔法，法术，幻术，妖术；魅力，魔力，神奇的力量，不可思议的魔力；神奇,吸引力,神奇广大的东西，魔力球

咒文，咒语；魔术，法国研制的一种空对空导弹，代号R-550

adj. (形容词)

有魔力的，有神奇力量的，有奇异魔力的；不可思议的，好极了，棒极了，神奇的，美好的，起死回生的，奇异的，迷人的；巫术的，魔术（般）的，幻（术）的，魔法的，法术的

v. (动词)

用魔法变出

（以魔法）影响

用作名词 (n.)

动词+～

perform magic 表演魔术

practice magic 施法

work magic 产生奇迹

形容词+～

black magic 巫术

介词+～

by magic 靠魔力

through magic 运用魔法

用作形容词 (adj.) 有魔力的，神奇的

～+名词

magic palace 有魔力的宫殿

magic trick 魔术

sample　 /'sɑːmpl/

n. 样品；样本

vt. 采样；取样；品尝，体验

devise　 /dɪ'vaɪz/ 　巧妙施计 to invent a way of doing sth.

vt. 设计；发明；遗赠

用作及物动词 (vt.)

eg. This time we'll devise a better solution.

这次我们将设计一种新的解决方案。

eg. The government devised a scheme for redeveloping the city center.

政府制定了市中心重建计划。

eg. He devised a new type of transistor.

他发明了一种新的晶体管。

用作动词 (v.)

～+名词

devise an idea 想出一个主意

devise an instrument 发明仪器

devise a machine 发明了一台机器

devise a method 想出一个方法

devise a plan 制订了一个计划

devise a scheme 想出一个办法

～+副词

devise carefully 认真地构想

devise crudely 粗糙地计划

devise cunningly 巧妙地设计

devise curiously 不寻常地计划

devise economically 有效益地设想

devise ingeniously 巧妙地构想

devise shrewdly 准确地计划

devise specially 特别地设计

devise suitably 合理地计划

～+介词

devise to 将…遗赠给

词组：

Get something for nothing 免费得到

Go wrong出差错，出毛病

句式：

Advertisers discovered years ago that all of us love to get something for nothing.

• get something for nothing是免费获得。这个句子中免费得到东西就可以用词组来代替free。

补充：for nothing

1)without paying anything, for free 免费，就是本文中的意思。

还记得15课，我的侄子因祸得福，老板娘免费送了他一大盒的巧克力。我们就可以这样表达。

eg. My nephew Gorge got a box of chocolates for nothing.

我的侄子免费得到一大盒巧克力。

2)without any result 没有结果

eg. We took all that trouble for nothing.

我们白费周折了。（自惹了麻烦，毫无结果）

3)without reason 没有原因

eg. The young couple often have words for nothing.

这对年轻夫妇常无缘无故就吵起来了。（have a word 交谈）

4)without any effect一点效果都没有

eg. What the parents have said went for nothing for their son.

这父母说的对他们的儿子一点（效果）用都没有

An advertisement which begins with the magic word FREE can rarely go wrong.

• go wrong是出差错，出毛病。这个句子译为凡是用‘免费’这个神奇的词开头的广告很少失败。很少用了rarely.。

精妙翻译：

They devise hundreds of competitions which will enable us to win huge sums of money.

• 译文：他们设计数以百计的竞赛，竞赛中有人可赢得巨额奖金。此处设计这个词用的很妙(区别与design:to make a drawing)。后面enable us to win huge sums of money译为有人可赢得巨额奖金，处理的很棒，符合中文表达习惯，也表明了作者意思。

DAY108

L26-3: Wanted: a large biscuit tin

Radio and television have made it possible for advertisers to capture the attention of millions of people in this way. During a radio programme, a company of biscuit manufacturers once asked listeners to bake biscuits and send them to their factory. They offered to pay $10 a pound for the biggest biscuit baked by a listener. The response to this competition was tremendous. Before long, biscuits of all shapes and sizes began arriving at the factory.

单词：

capture

vt. 俘获;夺取;夺得;引起（注意、想像、兴趣）

n.捕获;占领;捕获物;[计算机]捕捉

manufacturers

n. 制造商，制造厂;厂主;[经]厂商

tremendous

Adj. 极大的，巨大的;可怕的，惊人的;极好的

词组：

make it possible for sb to do sth. 使某人有可能做…

eg. Computers and the Internet have made it possible for people to work at home.

计算机和因特网使人们在家办公成为可能。

before long = soon

eg. I feel into sleep before long after I exerted myself to do housework.

我做家务搞得精疲力竭之后很快睡着了。

• long before 很久才

eg. I wake up with a start long before I went to sleep again.

我被惊醒之后很久才又睡去。

句式：

The response to this competition was tremendous.

The competition receives tremendous response.

The competition meets with tremendous response.

DAY109

L26-4: Wanted: a large biscuit tin

One lady brought in a biscuit on a wheelbarrow. It weighed nearly 500 pounds. A little later, a man came along with a biscuit which occupied the whole boot of his car. All the biscuits that were sent were carefully weighed. The largest was 713 pounds. It seemed certain that this would win the prize. But just before the competition closed, a lorry arrived at the factory with a truly colossal biscuit which weighed 2,400 pounds.

单词：

wheelbarrow 美/ˈhwilˌberoʊ/ 英/ˈwiːlˌbærəʊ/

1.n. 独轮手推车

occupy 美/ˈɑkjəˌpaɪ/ 英/ˈɒkjʊpaɪ/

1.reside or have one's place of business in (a building).

eg. They have occupied the apartment for three years.

2.fill or take up (a space or time).

eg. Someone was occupying [=sitting in] my place at the table.

boot 美/but/ 英/buːt/

1.a covering usually of leather or rubber for the entire foot and the lower part of the leg

eg. You'll need a pair of warm boots for winter.

2.a forceful kick with the foot

eg. She gave the ball a boot, and it landed on the other side of the field.

3.British : the trunk of a car

colossal 美/kəˈlɑs(ə)l/ 英/kəˈlɒs(ə)l/

1.of, relating to, or resembling a colossus

eg. a colossal [=gigantic] statue

2.of a bulk, extent, power, or effect approaching or suggesting the stupendous or incredible

eg. colossal stellar explosions

3.of an exceptional or astonishing degree

eg. Their business partnership turned out to be a colossal [=massive] failure.

辨析enormous, immense, huge, vast, gigantic, colossal, mammoth

enormous, immense, huge, vast, gigantic, colossal, mammoth mean exceedingly large.

enormous and immense both suggest an exceeding of all ordinary bounds in size or amount or degree, but enormous often adds an implication of abnormality or monstrousness. eg. an enormous expense, an immense shopping mall

huge commonly suggests an immensity of bulk or amount. eg. incurred a huge debt

vast usually suggests immensity of extent. eg. the vast Russian steppes

gigantic stresses the contrast with the size of others of the same kind. eg. a gigantic sports stadium

colossal applies especially to a human creation of stupendous or incredible dimensions. eg. a colossal statue of Lincoln

mammoth suggests both hugeness and ponderousness of bulk. eg. a mammoth boulder

词组：

bring in……on a wheelbarrow用手推车运来

a little later 相隔不一会儿

come along：to go somewhere with someone/something

eg. Lighting comes along with thunder.

闪电总是伴随着雷声。

句式：

it seem …… that……

• ……似乎是…… /看来……

精妙翻译：

A little later, a man came along with a biscuit which occupied the whole boot of his car.

• 相隔不一会儿，一个男子也带了一个大饼干，那饼干把汽车的行李箱挤得满满的。（注意occupy在这里的翻译，很有视觉感，不仅把单词的意思“占据空间”翻译了出来，而且也把饼干之大的意思传达了出来）

It seemed certain that this would win the prize.

• 看来这个饼干获奖无疑了。（certain“确定”翻译成“无疑”）

DAY110

L26-5: Wanted: a large biscuit tin

It had been baked by a college student who had used over 1,000 pounds of flour, 800 pounds of sugar, 200 pounds of fat, and 400 pounds of various other ingredients. It was so heavy that a crane had to be used to remove it from the lorry. The manufacturers had to pay more money than they had anticipated, for they bought the biscuit from the student for $24,000.

单词：

crane n.

1.起重机

2.鹤

ingredient n.

1.配料（materials）

eg. Various ingredients make the soup possible to taste good.

各种各样的佐料使得汤尝起来味道不错。

2.成分 elements,

eg. Imagination and hard work are the ingredients of success.

想像力和努力是成功的主要因素。

anticipate v.

1.To expect, to look forward to 期待，期望

Anticipate doing sth..

eg. I didn’t anticipate meeting my bitter enemy in the final.

我真没想到在决赛中遇到我的劲敌。

Bitter enemy 劲敌

2.To do sth before someone else.

eg. The Vikings are thought to have anticipated Columbus in the discovery of American.

北欧海盗被认为在哥伦布之前发现了美洲大陆。

看惯了before